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In this paper, we explore new approaches to combining information encoded within the learned representations of auto-encoders. We explore models that are capable of combining the attributes of multiple inputs such that a resynthesised…

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) provide a powerful mechanism for decomposing the dense representations produced by Large Language Models (LLMs) into interpretable latent features. We posit that SAEs constitute a natural foundation for Learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Thibault Formal , Maxime Louis , Hervé Dejean , Stéphane Clinchant

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) are a popular method for interpreting concepts represented in large language model (LLM) activations. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the validity of their interpretations due to the lack of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Subhash Kantamneni , Joshua Engels , Senthooran Rajamanoharan , Max Tegmark , Neel Nanda

Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) are widely used to interpret neural networks by identifying meaningful concepts from their representations. However, do SAEs truly uncover all concepts a model relies on, or are they inherently biased toward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Sai Sumedh R. Hindupur , Ekdeep Singh Lubana , Thomas Fel , Demba Ba

We introduce Sparse Concept Anchoring, a method that biases latent space to position a targeted subset of concepts while allowing others to self-organize, using only minimal supervision (labels for <0.1% of examples per anchored concept).…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Sandy Fraser , Patryk Wielopolski

Feedforward neural networks are widely used as universal predictive models to fit data distribution. Common gradient-based learning, however, suffers from many drawbacks making the training process ineffective and time-consuming.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Grzegorz Dudek

Recently, deep learning becomes the main focus of machine learning research and has greatly impacted many important fields. However, deep learning is criticized for lack of interpretability. As a successful unsupervised model in deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-06 Fenglei Fan , Mengzhou Li , Yueyang Teng , Ge Wang

Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) provide potentials for uncovering structured, human-interpretable representations in Large Language Models (LLMs), making them a crucial tool for transparent and controllable AI systems. We systematically analyze…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jack Gallifant , Shan Chen , Kuleen Sasse , Hugo Aerts , Thomas Hartvigsen , Danielle S. Bitterman

Dense embeddings deliver strong retrieval performance but often lack interpretability and controllability. This paper introduces a novel approach using sparse autoencoders (SAE) to interpret and control dense embeddings via the learned…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Hao Kang , Tevin Wang , Chenyan Xiong

Vision foundation models (FMs) achieve state-of-the-art performance in medical imaging. However, they encode information in abstract latent representations that clinicians cannot interrogate or verify. The goal of this study is to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Philipp Wesp , Robbie Holland , Vasiliki Sideri-Lampretsa , Sergios Gatidis

Aligned latent spaces, where meaningful semantic shifts in the input space correspond to a translation in the embedding space, play an important role in the success of downstream tasks such as unsupervised clustering and data imputation. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Saachi Jain , Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan , Caroline Uhler

There has been a lot of interest in understanding what information is captured by hidden representations of language models (LMs). Typically, interpretation methods i) do not guarantee that the model actually uses the encoded information,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Nicola De Cao , Leon Schmid , Dieuwke Hupkes , Ivan Titov

While much work has been devoted to understanding the implicit (and explicit) regularization of deep nonlinear networks in the supervised setting, this paper focuses on unsupervised learning, i.e., autoencoders are trained with the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Harald Steck , Dario Garcia Garcia

Traditionally, when generative models of data are developed via deep architectures, greedy layer-wise pre-training is employed. In a well-trained model, the lower layer of the architecture models the data distribution conditional upon the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-06-17 Yingbo Zhou , Devansh Arpit , Ifeoma Nwogu , Venu Govindaraju

Analyzing large-scale text corpora is a core challenge in machine learning, crucial for tasks like identifying undesirable model behaviors or biases in training data. Current methods often rely on costly LLM-based techniques (e.g.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Nick Jiang , Xiaoqing Sun , Lisa Dunlap , Lewis Smith , Neel Nanda

In this work we introduce an Autoencoder for molecular conformations. Our proposed model converts the discrete spatial arrangements of atoms in a given molecular graph (conformation) into and from a continuous fixed-sized latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-06 Robin Winter , Frank Noé , Djork-Arné Clevert

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) have emerged as a powerful tool for uncovering interpretable features in large language models (LLMs) through the sparse directions they learn. However, the sheer number of extracted directions makes comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Xinyuan Yan , Shusen Liu , Kowshik Thopalli , Bei Wang

Leveraging on the underlying low-dimensional structure of data, low-rank and sparse modeling approaches have achieved great success in a wide range of applications. However, in many applications the data can display structures beyond simply…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-04 Zhao Kang , Xiao Lu , Yiwei Lu , Chong Peng , Zenglin Xu

Large language models (LLMs) excel at handling human queries, but they can occasionally generate flawed or unexpected responses. Understanding their internal states is crucial for understanding their successes, diagnosing their failures,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Xuansheng Wu , Jiayi Yuan , Wenlin Yao , Xiaoming Zhai , Ninghao Liu

In this book chapter, we discuss recent advances in data-driven approaches for inverse problems. In particular, we focus on the \emph{paired autoencoder} framework, which has proven to be a powerful tool for solving inverse problems in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Matthias Chung , Bas Peters , Michael Solomon