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Given a countable set X (usually taken to be the natural numbers or integers), an infinite permutation, \pi, of X is a linear ordering of X. This paper investigates the combinatorial complexity of infinite permutations on the natural…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2011-08-19 Steven Widmer

We show that the coefficients of rational 2-functions are contained in an abelian number field. More precisely, we show that the poles of such functions are poles of order one and given by roots of unity and rational residue.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-03-10 Felipe Müller

Parikh-collinear morphisms have the property that all the Parikh vectors of the images of letters are collinear, i.e., the associated adjacency matrix has rank 1. In the conference DLT-WORDS 2023 we showed that fixed points of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Michel Rigo , Manon Stipulanti , Markus A. Whiteland

In this article we complete the work of enumerating typical abelian coverings of Cayley graphs, by reducing the problem to enumerating certain subgroups of finite abelian groups.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-02-27 Haimiao Chen

We propose a technique for exploring the abelian complexity of recurrent infinite words, focusing particularly on infinite words associated with Parry numbers. Using that technique, we give the affirmative answer to the open question posed…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-01-16 Ondřej Turek

We find an explicit closed form for the subword complexity of the infinite fixed point of the morphism sending $a \rightarrow aab$ and $b \rightarrow b$. This morphism is then generalized in three different ways, and we find similar…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-05-10 J. -P. Allouche , J. Shallit

In this paper we introduce and study a family of complexity functions of infinite words indexed by $k \in \ints ^+ \cup {+\infty}.$ Let $k \in \ints ^+ \cup {+\infty}$ and $A$ be a finite non-empty set. Two finite words $u$ and $v$ in $A^*$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-01-23 Juhani Karhumaki , Aleksi Saarela , Luca Q. Zamboni

The paperfolding sequences form an uncountable class of infinite sequences over the alphabet $\{ -1, 1 \}$ that describe the sequence of folds arising from iterated folding of a piece of paper, followed by unfolding. In this note we observe…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-11 Jeffrey Shallit

We establish a relationship between the word complexity and the number of generalized diagonals for a polygonal billiard. We conclude that in the rational case the complexity function has cubic upper and lower bounds. In the tiling case the…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2007-05-23 J. Cassaigne , P. Hubert , S. Troubetzkoy

Following Inoue et al., we define a word to be a repetition if it is a (fractional) power of exponent at least 2. A word has a repetition factorization if it is the product of repetitions. We study repetition factorizations in several…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Jeffrey Shallit , Xinhao Xu

We study the following problem, first introduced by Dekking. Consider an infinite word x over an alphabet {0,1,...,k-1} and a semigroup homomorphism S:{0,1,...,k-1}* -> N. Let L_x denote the set of factors of x. What conditions on S and the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-07-22 Ian Kaye , Narad Rampersad

Given a countable set X (usually taken to be N or Z), an infinite permutation $\pi$ of X is a linear ordering $<_\pi$ of X. This paper investigates the combinatorial complexity of infinite permutations on N associated with the image of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-03-01 Steven Widmer

We prove the non-existence of recurrent words with constant Abelian complexity containing 4 or more distinct letters. This answers a question of Richomme et al.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-11-30 James Currie , Narad Rampersad

We define a new class of ternary sequences that are 2-balanced. These sequences are obtained by colouring of Sturmian sequences. We show that the class contains sequences of any given letter frequencies. We provide an upper bound on factor…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-03-20 Lubomíra Dvořáková , Zuzana Masáková , Edita Pelantová

The generalized binary sequences of order 2 have been used to construct good binary cyclic codes [4]. The linear complexity of these sequences has been computed in [2]. The autocorrelation values of such sequences have been determined in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-31 Minghui Yang , Keqin Feng

$2$-stratifolds are a generalization of $2$-manifolds in that there are disjoint simple closed curves where several sheets meet. We show that the word problem for fundamental groups of $2$-stratifolds is solvable.

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2017-04-06 J. C. Gómez-Larrañaga , F. González-Acuña , Wolfgang Heil

Letting $w$ denote a finite, nonempty word, let $\text{red}(w)$ denote the word obtained from $w$ by replacing every subword $s$ of $w$ of the form $cc \cdots c$ for a given character $c$ (such that there is no character immediately to the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-22 John M. Campbell , James Currie , Narad Rampersad

Two finite words $u$ and $v$ are called abelian equivalent if each letter occurs equally many times in both $u$ and $v$. The abelian closure $\mathcal{A}(\mathbf{x})$ of an infinite word $\mathbf{x}$ is the set of infinite words…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-01-01 Juhani Karhumäki , Svetlana Puzynina , Markus A. Whiteland

We study structure of pure morphic and morphic sequences and prove the following result: the subword complexity of arbitrary morphic sequence is either $\Theta(n^{1+1/k})$ for some $k\in\mathbb N$, or is $O(n \log n)$.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-02-23 Rostislav Devyatov

It is known that there are infinite words over finite alphabets with Abelian repetition threshold arbitrarily close to 1; however, the construction previously used involves huge alphabets. In this note we give a short cyclic morphism…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-12-29 James D. Currie , Narad Rampersad