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Causal diagrams are logic and graphical tools that depict assumptions about presumed causal relations. Such diagrams have proven effective in tackling a variety of problems in social sciences and epidemiology research yet remain foreign to…

Applications · Statistics 2023-06-29 M. Z. Naser

Linear structural equation models represent direct causal effects as directed edges and confounding factors as bidirected edges. An open problem is to identify the causal parameters from correlations between the nodes. We investigate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-07 Benito van der Zander , Marcel Wienöbst , Markus Bläser , Maciej Liśkiewicz

Comparing different medications is complicated when adherence to these medications differs. We can overcome the adherence issue by assessing effectiveness under sustained use, as in the usual causal `per-protocol' estimand. However, when…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-10 Kerollos Nashat Wanis , Mats Julius Stensrud , Aaron Leor Sarvet

Causal representation learning is the task of identifying the underlying causal variables and their relations from high-dimensional observations, such as images. Recent work has shown that one can reconstruct the causal variables from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Phillip Lippe , Sara Magliacane , Sindy Löwe , Yuki M. Asano , Taco Cohen , Efstratios Gavves

Global feature effect methods, such as partial dependence plots, provide an intelligible visualization of the expected marginal feature effect. However, such global feature effect methods can be misleading, as they do not represent local…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-18 Julia Herbinger , Marvin N. Wright , Thomas Nagler , Bernd Bischl , Giuseppe Casalicchio

Causal analyses of longitudinal data generally assume that the qualitative causal structure relating variables remains invariant over time. In structured systems that transition between qualitatively different states in discrete time steps,…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-11 Ranjani Srinivasan , Jaron Lee , Rohit Bhattacharya , Narges Ahmidi , Ilya Shpitser

Many production processes are characterized by numerous and complex cause-and-effect relationships. Since they are only partially known they pose a challenge to effective process control. In this work we present how Structural Equation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-27 Maximilian Kertel , Stefan Harmeling , Markus Pauly

Spatial prediction refers to the estimation of unobserved values from spatially distributed observations. Although recent advances have improved the capacity to model diverse observation types, adoption in practice remains limited in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-10 Yuta Shikuri , Hironori Fujisawa

Graphs constructed to translate some graph problem into another graph problem are usually called auxiliary graphs. Specifically total graphs of simple graphs are used to translate the total colouring problem of the original graph into a…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2016-02-16 Ravi Goyal , Mahipal Jadeja , Rahul Muthu

Faced with data-driven policies, individuals will manipulate their features to obtain favorable decisions. While earlier works cast these manipulations as undesirable gaming, recent works have adopted a more nuanced causal framing in which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Tom Yan , Shantanu Gupta , Zachary Lipton

The classical notion of causal effect identifiability is defined in terms of treatment and outcome variables. In this paper, we consider the identifiability of state-based causal effects: how an intervention on a particular state of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yizuo Chen , Adnan Darwiche

Heterogeneity and comorbidity are two interwoven challenges associated with various healthcare problems that greatly hampered research on developing effective treatment and understanding of the underlying neurobiological mechanism. Very few…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-27 Richard A Watson , Hengrui Cai , Xinming An , Samuel McLean , Rui Song

We introduce a visual analysis method for multiple causal graphs with different outcome variables, namely, multi-outcome causal graphs. Multi-outcome causal graphs are important in healthcare for understanding multimorbidity and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Mengjie Fan , Jinlu Yu , Daniel Weiskopf , Nan Cao , Huai-Yu Wang , Liang Zhou

We present a graphical approach to deriving inequality constraints for directed acyclic graph (DAG) models, where some variables are unobserved. In particular we show that the observed distribution of a discrete model is always restricted…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-09-14 Robin J. Evans

This paper considers the problem of invoking auxiliary, unobservable variables to facilitate the structuring of causal tree models for a given set of continuous variables. Paralleling the treatment of bi-valued variables in [Pearl 1986], we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-04-11 Lei Xu , Judea Pearl

Linear non-Gaussian causal models postulate that each random variable is a linear function of parent variables and non-Gaussian exogenous error terms. We study identification of the linear coefficients when such models contain latent…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-05 Daniele Tramontano , Mathias Drton , Jalal Etesami

Directed acyclic graph models with hidden variables have been much studied, particularly in view of their computational efficiency and connection with causal methods. In this paper we provide the circumstances under which it is possible for…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-06-15 Robin J. Evans

We develop a necessary and sufficient causal identification criterion for maximally oriented partially directed acyclic graphs (MPDAGs). MPDAGs as a class of graphs include directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), completed partially directed…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-07-23 Emilija Perković

Randomized experiments are often performed to study the causal effects of interest. Blocking is a technique to precisely estimate the causal effects when the experimental material is not homogeneous. It involves stratifying the available…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-21 Abhishek Kumar Umrawal

Linear structural equation models relate the components of a random vector using linear interdependencies and Gaussian noise. Each such model can be naturally associated with a mixed graph whose vertices correspond to the components of the…