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The current standard cosmological model is constructed within the framework of general relativity with a cosmological constant $\Lambda$, which is often associated with dark energy, and phenomenologically explains the accelerated cosmic…
A new interpretation of cosmological redshifts is proposed to construct the evolved-vacuum model of this phenomenon.The physical vacuum was considered to be a real matter with time-dependent permittivity and permeability. Time variation of…
The energy conditions give upper bounds on the luminosity distance. We apply these upper bounds to the 192 essence supernova Ia data to show that the Universe had experienced accelerated expansion. This conclusion is drawn directly from the…
Conditions for accelerated expansion of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker space-time are analyzed. Connection of this scenario with present-day observations are reviewed. It is explained how a scalar field could be responsible for cosmic…
We provide a consistency relation between cosmological observables in general relativity with the cosmological constant. Breaking of this relation at any redshift would imply the breakdown of the hypothesis of the cosmological constant as…
A brief account of the current cosmological observations is given and their implications for QCDM and $\Lambda$CDM cosmologies are discussed. The nucleosynthesis and the galaxy formation constraints have been used to put limits on…
Cosmologists are exploring two possible sets of explanations for the remarkable observation of cosmic acceleration: dark energy fills space or general relativity fails on cosmological scales. We define a null test parameter $\epsilon(k,a)…
Twenty years after the discovery that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, a new finding is now challenging our understanding of the cosmos. Recent studies have shown that the Hubble constant, the speed of expansion measured…
Dark energy and the accelerated expansion of the universe have been the direct predictions of the distant supernovae Ia observations which are also supported, indirectly, by the observations of the CMB anisotropies, gravitational lensing…
Class of spherically symmetric Stephani cosmological models is examined in the context of evolution type. It is assumed that the equation of state at the symmetry center of the models is barotropic. Classification of cosmological models is…
The dynamical age of the universe depends upon the rate of the expansion of the universe, which explicitly involves the dark energy equation of state parameter $w(z)$. Consequently, the evolution of $w(z)$ has a direct imprint on the age of…
We show that the Supernovae results, implying evidence for an accelerating Universe, may be closely related to the recent discovery of redshift dependence in the fine structure constant $\alpha$. The link is a class of varying speed of…
In this paper, we use the Cosmokinematics approach to study the accelerated expansion of the Universe. This is a model independent approach and depends only on the assumption that the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic and is described…
Recent observational indications of an accelerating universe enhance the interest in studying models with a cosmological constant. We investigate cosmological expansion (FRW metric) with $\Lambda>0$ for a general linear equation of state…
A moderate investment of observing time with the International X-ray Observatory to study high-redshift galaxy clusters detected in future large-scale surveys, will provide cosmological measurements of fundamental importance. IXO…
Cosmology is investigated within a new, scalar theory of gravitation, which is a preferred-frame bimetric theory with flat background metric. Before coming to cosmology, the motivation for an " ether theory " is exposed at length; the…
Observations reveal a `bulk flow' in the local Universe which is faster and extends to much larger scales than is expected around a typical observer in the standard $\Lambda$CDM cosmology. This is expected to result in a scale-dependent…
One possibility for explaining the apparent accelerating expansion of the universe is that we live in the center of a spherically inhomogeneous universe. Although current observations cannot fully distinguish $\Lambda$CDM and these…
Observations of SN 1997ff at z ~ 1.7 favor the accelerating Universe interpretation of the high-redshift type Ia supernova data over simple models of intergalactic dust or SN luminosity evolution. Taken at face-value, they provide direct…
Over the last 20 years, supernovae have become a key tool to constrain the expansion history of the Universe through the construction of Hubble diagrams, using luminosity distances to supernovae belonging to the "Ia" subtype. This technique…