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This paper shows a fundamental thermodynamic similarity between thermoelectric and photovoltaic energy converters which, at open circuit, can be represented as isochoric engines generating a finite chemical potential which appears as…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-11-21 Tom Markvart

The Carnot engine sets an upper limit to the efficiency of a practical heat engine. An arbitrary irreversible engine is sometimes believed to behave closely as the Curzon-Ahlborn engine. Efficiency of the latter is obtained commonly by…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2016-06-17 Kamal Bhattacharyya

In a recent paper, Guillemoles et al [J.F. Guillemoles, T. Kirchartz, D. Cahen and U Rau, Guide for the perplexed to the Shockley-Queisser model for solar cells, Nat. Photonics, 13, 501 (2019)] attempt to clarify and explain the often cited…

Applied Physics · Physics 2019-11-22 Tom Markvart

The thermodynamic limit for the efficiency of solar cells is predominantly defined by the energy bandgap of the used semiconductor. In case of organic solar cells both energetics and kinetics of three different species play role: excitons,…

Applied Physics · Physics 2021-07-02 Oskar J Sandberg , Ardalan Armin

The fundamental efficiency limit of a single bandgap solar cell is about 31% at one sun with a bandgap of about Eg = 1.35 eV (1), determined by the trade-off of maximising current with a smaller bandgap and voltage with a larger bandgap.…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2016-06-17 C Rohr , P Abbott , I M Ballard , D B Bushnell , J P Connolly , N J Ekins- Daukes , K W J Barnham

Multilevel inverters are used to improve powerquality and reduce component stresses. This paper describesand compares two multilevel cascaded three phase inverterimplementations with two different modulation techniques: PhaseShifted Pulse…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-28 John Buczek , Viktor Ivankevych

This study formulates the ideal efficiency of light-powered systems in the most general form, based on the first principle of energy-entropy flow analysis under the condition of zero entropy generation within the system. A unified formula…

General Physics · Physics 2025-12-17 Tetsuo Yabuki

Taking into account the temperature gradients in solar cells, it is shown that their efficiency can be increased beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit (J. Appl. Phys. 32 (1961) 510). The driving force for this gain is the temperature gradient…

Materials Science · Physics 2015-06-24 Stefan Kettemann , Jean-Francois Guillemoles

Single-junction photovoltaic cells are considered to be efficient solar energy converters, but even ideal cells cannot exceed the their fundamental thermodynamic efficiency limit, first analysed by Shockley and Queisser (SQ). For moderated…

Optics · Physics 2015-05-21 Assaf Manor , Carmel Rotschild

Using Photovoltaic systems is gradually expanded by increasing energy demand. Abundance and availability of this energy, has turned to one of the most important sources of renewable energy. Unfortunately, photovoltaic systems have two big…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-04 Alireza Tofigh Rihani , Majid Ghandchi

We calculated the maximum power conversion efficiency as a function of the optical band gap for organic photovoltaic (PV) cells by assuming that charge separation is accompanied by the energy loss required to dissociate strongly bound…

Materials Science · Physics 2015-07-09 Kazuhiko Seki , Akihiro Furube , Yuji Yoshida

Bifacial tandem cells promise to reduce three fundamental losses (above-bandgap, below bandgap, and the uncollected light between panels) inherent in classical single junction PV systems. The successive filtering of light through the…

General Physics · Physics 2016-06-06 Muhammad A. Alam , M. Ryyan Khan

Photovoltaic materials are recognized for their potential as sustainable energy sources that enable the conversion between light and electrical energy. However, solar cells have been unable to surpass the theoretical limit of 32%, known as…

Applied Physics · Physics 2024-06-18 Jeonggyu Hwang

I propose a general quantitative framework to evaluate the quality, track the historical development, and guide future optimization of photovoltaic (PV) absorbers at any development level, including both experimentally synthesized and…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-04-24 Andrea Crovetto

We present a new outlook on the climate system thermodynamics, studying some of its macroscopic properties in terms of the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics. We review and clarify the notion of efficiency of the climate system by…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2011-10-11 Valerio Lucarini

We consider the performance of periodically driven stochastic heat engines in the linear response regime. Reaching the theoretical bounds for efficiency and efficiency at maximum power typically requires full control over the design and the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-04-20 Michael Bauer , Kay Brandner , Udo Seifert

The Shockley and Queisser limit, a well-known efficiency limit for a solar cell, is based on unrealistic physical assumptions and its maximum limit is seriously overestimated. To understand the power loss mechanisms of record-efficiency…

Applied Physics · Physics 2019-08-28 Yoshitsune Kato , Shohei Fujimoto , Masayuki Kozawa , Hiroyuki Fujiwara

Energy efficiency has gained its significance when service providers' operational costs burden with the rapidly growing data traffic demand in cellular networks. In this paper, we propose an energy efficiency model for Poisson-Voronoi…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2014-12-18 Lin Xiang , Xiaohu Ge , Cheng-Xiang Wang , Frank Y. Li , Frank Reichert

We propose a dynamic mechanism for the reversible regulation of photosynthesis in varying light environments. We employ a three-level quantum model to take into account the correlations between charge donors and charge acceptors immediately…

Biological Physics · Physics 2024-11-13 Guang Yang , Gen Tatara

Reliable forecasts of the power output from variable renewable energy generators like solar photovoltaic systems are important to balancing load on real-time electricity markets and ensuring electricity supply reliability. However, solar PV…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Andea Scott , Sindhu Sreedhara , Folasade Ayoola