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In the \emph{shuffle model} of differential privacy, data-holding users send randomized messages to a secure shuffler, the shuffler permutes the messages, and the resulting collection of messages must be differentially private with regard…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-13 Victor Balcer , Albert Cheu , Matthew Joseph , Jieming Mao

Anonymous communication networks are important building blocks for online privacy protection. One approach to achieve anonymity is to relay messages through multiple routers, where each router shuffles messages independently. To achieve…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-11-10 Fatemeh Shirazi , Elena Andreeva , Markulf Kohlweiss , Claudia Diaz

We describe an asynchronous algorithm to solve secure multiparty computation (MPC) over n players, when strictly less than a 1/8 fraction of the players are controlled by a static adversary. For any function f over a field that can be…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-10-15 Varsha Dani , Valerie King , Mahnush Movahedi , Jared Saia

A deck of $n$ cards are shuffled by repeatedly taking off the top card, flipping it with probability $1/2$, and inserting it back into the deck at a random position. This process can be considered as a Markov chain on the group $B_n$ of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-03-15 Fumihiko Nakano , Taizo Sadahiro , Tetsuya Sakurai

E. Thorp introduced the following card shuffling model. Suppose the number of cards $n$ is even. Cut the deck into two equal piles. Drop the first card from the left pile or from the right pile according to the outcome of a fair coin flip.…

Probability · Mathematics 2009-12-16 Ben Morris

Process anonymity has been studied for a long time. Memory anonymity is more recent. In an anonymous memory system, there is no a priori agreement among the processes on the names of the shared registers they access. This article introduces…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Michel Raynal , Gadi Taubenfeld

The shuffle model of differential privacy (Erlingsson et al. SODA 2019; Cheu et al. EUROCRYPT 2019) and its close relative encode-shuffle-analyze (Bittau et al. SOSP 2017) provide a fertile middle ground between the well-known local and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Borja Balle , James Bell , Adria Gascon , Kobbi Nissim

The mathematics of shuffling a deck of $2n$ cards with two "perfect shuffles" was brought into clarity by Diaconis, Graham and Kantor. Here we consider a generalisation of this problem, with a so-called "many handed dealer" shuffling $kn$…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2019-08-15 Carmen Amarra , Luke Morgan , Cheryl E. Praeger

We study a protocol for distributed computation called shuffled check-in, which achieves strong privacy guarantees without requiring any further trust assumptions beyond a trusted shuffler. Unlike most existing work, shuffled check-in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Seng Pei Liew , Satoshi Hasegawa , Tsubasa Takahashi

We study the Gilbert-Shannon-Reeds model for riffle shuffles and ask 'How many times must a deck of cards be shuffled for the deck to be in close to random order?'. In 1992, Bayer and Diaconis gave a solution which gives exact and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-05-29 Sami Assaf , Persi Diaconis , K. Soundararajan

Tor, a widely utilized privacy network, enables anonymous communication but is vulnerable to flow correlation attacks that deanonymize users by correlating traffic patterns from Tor's ingress and egress segments. Various defenses have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Minjae Seo , Myoungsung You , Jaehan Kim , Taejune Park , Seungwon Shin , Jinwoo Kim

There has been much recent work in the shuffle model of differential privacy, particularly for approximate $d$-bin histograms. While these protocols achieve low error, the number of messages sent by each user -- the message complexity --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-09 Albert Cheu , Maxim Zhilyaev

Recently, it is shown that shuffling can amplify the central differential privacy guarantees of data randomized with local differential privacy. Within this setup, a centralized, trusted shuffler is responsible for shuffling by keeping the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Seng Pei Liew , Tsubasa Takahashi , Shun Takagi , Fumiyuki Kato , Yang Cao , Masatoshi Yoshikawa

Multiparty computation is raising importance because it's primary objective is to replace any trusted third party in the distributed computation. This work presents two multiparty shuffling protocols where each party, possesses a private…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Dhaneshwar Mardi , Surbhi Tanwar , Jaydeep Howlader

This article introduces an algorithm, MergeShuffle, which is an extremely efficient algorithm to generate random permutations (or to randomly permute an existing array). It is easy to implement, runs in $n\log_2 n + O(1)$ time, is in-place,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-08-14 Axel Bacher , Olivier Bodini , Alexandros Hollender , Jérémie Lumbroso

Recent work in differential privacy has highlighted the shuffled model as a promising avenue to compute accurate statistics while keeping raw data in users' hands. We present a protocol in this model that estimates histograms with error…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-15 Victor Balcer , Albert Cheu

We study a family of maps from $S_n \to S_n$ we call fixed point homing shuffles. These maps generalize a few known problems such as Conway's Topswops, and a card shuffling process studied by Gweneth McKinley. We show that the iterates of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-20 Jonathan Parlett

In this paper, we introduce the imperfect shuffle differential privacy model, where messages sent from users are shuffled in an almost uniform manner before being observed by a curator for private aggregation. We then consider the private…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Badih Ghazi , Ravi Kumar , Pasin Manurangsi , Jelani Nelson , Samson Zhou

Inspired by a common technique for shuffling a deck of cards on a table without riffling, we continue the study of a prequel paper on the pile shuffle and its capabilities as a sorting device. We study two sort feasibility problems of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Kyle B. Treleaven

The game of memory is played with a deck of n pairs of cards. The cards in each pair are identical. The deck is shuffled and the cards laid face down. A move consists of flipping over first one card then another. The cards are removed from…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-08-27 Daniel J. Velleman , Gregory S. Warrington