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A Stirling engine of the type used for demonstration purposes has been outfitted with a pair of sensors that measure pressure and piston displacement when the engine is operating with a small temperature difference between the hot and cold…

Classical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Randall D. Peters

We address the question of verifying the quantumness of thermal machines. A Szil\'ard engine is truly quantum if its work output cannot be described by a local hidden state (LHS) model, i. e. an objective local statistical ensemble.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-25 Konstantin Beyer , Kimmo Luoma , Walter T. Strunz

We present a complete-quantum description of multi-particle Szilard engine which consists of a working substance and a Maxwell's demon. The demon is modeled as a multi-level quantum system with specific quantum control and the working…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-03-20 C. Y. Cai , H. Dong , C. P. Sun

Information engines model ``Maxwell's demon" mechanistically. However, the demon's strategy is pre-described by an external experimenter, and information engines are conveniently designed such that observables contain complete information…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-07-15 Dorian Daimer , Susanne Still

We study the efficiency of a single particle Szilard and Carnot engine. Within a first order correction to the quasi-static limit, the work distribution is found to be Gaussian and the correction factor to average work and efficiency only…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-09-09 Karel Proesmans , Cedric Driesen , Bart Cleuren , Christian Van den Broeck

The most succinct manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics is the limitation the Landauer principle imposes on the amount of heat a Maxwell demon (MD) can convert into free energy per single bit of information obtained in a…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2015-01-29 J. V. Koski , V. F. Maisi , J. P. Pekola , D. V. Averin

In Szilard's engine, a demon measures a one-particle gas and applies feedback to extract work from thermal fluctuations, embodying Maxwell's notion that information reduces thermodynamic entropy - an apparent second-law violation. The…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-08-26 Xiangjun Xing

We propose a variation of the classical Szilard engine that uses a porous piston. Such an engine requires neither information about the position of the particle, nor the removal and subsequent insertion of the piston when resetting the…

Classical Physics · Physics 2022-08-18 Carlos E. Álvarez , Manuel Camargo , Gabriel Téllez

Inspired by the available examples of Microcanonical Szil\'ard Engines and by the original Szil\'ard Engine, we devise a system with two degrees of freedom whose ensemble average energy, starting with a microcanical ensemble, decreases…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-08-23 Artur Soriani , Marcus V. S. Bonança

Thermodynamics establishes that information acquired through measurement can be converted into work, as exemplified by Maxwell's demon and Szilard engines. Most experimental realizations of information engines, however, implicitly assume…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2026-03-09 Lokesh Muruga , Felix Ginot , Sarah A. M. Loos , Clemens Bechinger

In many real-world situations, there are constraints on the ways in which a physical system can be manipulated. We investigate the entropy production (EP) and extractable work involved in bringing a system from some initial distribution $p$…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-11-22 Artemy Kolchinsky , David H. Wolpert

It has recently been shown that the Jarzynski equality gets modified, when there are experimental errors in computing work. This modified result also holds good in presence of feedback. In this work, we use a simple toy model, that of a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-09-05 Sourabh Lahiri , Arun M. Jayannavar

By considering level shifting during the insertion process we revisit the quantum Szilard engine (QSZE) with fully quantum consideration. We derive the general expressions of the heat absorbed from thermal bath and the total work done to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-11 Hai Li , Jian Zou , Jun-Gang Li , Bin Shao , Lian-Ao Wu

We study experimentally work fluctuations in a Szilard engine that extracts work from information encoded as the occupancy of an electron level in a semiconductor quantum dot. We show that as the average work extracted per bit of…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2022-02-09 David Barker , Matteo Scandi , Sebastian Lehmann , Claes Thelander , Kimberly A. Dick , Martí Perarnau-Llobet , Ville F. Maisi

In the Second Law of Thermodynamics which is a macroscopic physical law that states that in any isolated system, entropy can only increase and order, or organization, can only decrease. This means that in the long run, energy will always…

Classical Physics · Physics 2021-11-25 Srinivasa Rao. P

We study microscopic engines that use a single active particle as their "working medium". Part of the energy required to drive the directed motion of the particle can be recovered as work, even at constant temperature. A wide class of…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-01-20 Thomas Speck

The ability to measure the stochastic degrees of freedom of a thermal system enables the extraction of energy from an equilibrium heat bath. This is the underlying principle of Maxwell's demon and subsequent information engines. Here, we…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-02 Rémi Goerlich , Gilad Pollack , Eli Flaxer , Saar Rahav , Yael Roichman

In this work, the relationship between Carnot engine and Szil\'ard engine was discussed. By defining the available information about the temperature difference between two heat reservoirs, the Carnot engine was found to have a same physical…

Classical Physics · Physics 2016-11-28 Liangsuo Shu , Xiaokang Liu , Suyi Huang , Shiping Jin

Hydrodynamic flows are often generated in colloidal suspensions. Since colloidal particles are frequently used to construct stochastic heat engines, we study how the hydrodynamic flows influence the output parameters of the engine. We study…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-04-15 P. S. Pal , Sourabh Lahiri , Arnab Saha

Work extraction from a heat engine in a cycle by a quantum mechanical device (quantum "piston") is analyzed. The standard definition of work fails in the quantum domain. The correct extractable work and its efficiency bound are shown to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-11 D. Gelbwaser-Klimovsky , R. Alicki , G. Kurizki