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A new method of verifying the subnormality of unbounded Hilbert space operators based on an approximation technique is proposed. Diverse sufficient conditions for subnormality of unbounded weighted shifts on directed trees are established.…
This paper considers the enumeration of trees avoiding a contiguous pattern. We provide an algorithm for computing the generating function that counts n-leaf binary trees avoiding a given binary tree pattern t. Equipped with this counting…
In a supercritical branching particle system, the trimmed tree consists of those particles which have descendants at all times. We develop this concept in the superprocess setting. For a class of continuous superprocesses with Feller…
The theme of this article is the algebraic combinatorics of leaf-labeled rooted binary trees and forests of such trees. The structure of a Hopf operad is defined on the vector spaces spanned by forests of leaf-labeled, rooted, binary trees.…
For a labeled tree on the vertex set $\set{1,2,\ldots,n}$, the local direction of each edge $(i\,j)$ is from $i$ to $j$ if $i<j$. For a rooted tree, there is also a natural global direction of edges towards the root. The number of edges…
This paper outlines a method to determine whether two label-regular directed trees, are isomorphic and when they are almost isomorphic. The approach involves reinterpreting label-regular directed trees as universal covers of rooted graphs.…
Tree-size distribution is one of the most investigated subjects in plant population biology. The forestry literature reports that tree-size distribution trajectories vary across different stands and/or species, while the metabolic scaling…
Using Machine Learning systems in the real world can often be problematic, with inexplicable black-box models, the assumed certainty of imperfect measurements, or providing a single classification instead of a probability distribution. This…
Rotation distances measure the differences in structure between rooted ordered binary trees. The one-dimensional skeleta of associahedra are rotation graphs, where two vertices representing trees are connected by an edge if they differ by a…
Criteria for subnormality of unbounded injective weighted shifts on leafless directed trees with one branching vertex are proposed. The case of classical weighted shifts is discussed. The relevance of an inductive limit approach to…
The register function (or Horton-Strahler number) of a binary tree is a well-known combinatorial parameter. We study a reduction procedure for binary trees which offers a new interpretation for the register function as the maximal number of…
We study the Sombor index of trees with various degree restrictions. In addition to rediscovering that among all trees with a given degree sequence, the greedy tree minimises the Sombor index and the alternating greedy tree maximises it, we…
We investigate the spectral properties of balanced trees and dendrimers, with a view toward unifying and improving the existing results. Here we find a semi-factorized formula for their characteristic polynomials. Afterwards, we determine…
In analogy to a concept of Fibonacci trees, we define the leaf-Fibonacci tree of size $n$ and investigate its number of nonisomorphic leaf-induced subtrees. Denote by $f_0$ the one vertex tree and $f_1$ the tree that consists of a root with…
Quasi-trees generalize trees in that the unique "path" between two nodes may be infinite and have any countable order type. They are used to define the rank-width of a countable graph in such a way that it is equal to the least upper-bound…
An evolutionary tree is a rooted tree where each internal vertex has at least two children and where the leaves are labeled with distinct symbols representing species. Evolutionary trees are useful for modeling the evolutionary history of…
An RNA secondary structure is designable if there is an RNA sequence which can attain its maximum number of base pairs only by adopting that structure. The combinatorial RNA design problem, introduced by Hale\v{s} et al. in 2016, is to…
An earlier characterization of topologically ordered (lexicographic) path-length sequences of binary trees is reformulated in terms of an integrality condition on a scaled Kraft sum of certain subsequences (full segments, or islands). The…
Most real-world classification problems deal with imbalanced datasets, posing a challenge for Artificial Intelligence (AI), i.e., machine learning algorithms, because the minority class, which is of extreme interest, often proves difficult…
In mathematical phylogenetics, the time-consistent galled trees provide a simple class of rooted binary network structures that can be used to represent a variety of different biological phenomena. We study the enumerative combinatorics of…