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In this paper, we settle the long-standing open problem of the minimum cost of two-qubit gates for simulating a Toffoli gate. More precisely, we show that five two-qubit gates are necessary. Before our work, it is known that five gates are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-09-24 Nengkun Yu , Runyao Duan , Mingsheng Ying

The identification of an unknown quantum gate is a significant issue in quantum technology. In this paper, we propose a quantum gate identification method within the framework of quantum process tomography. In this method, a series of pure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-15 Yuanlong Wang , Qi Yin , Daoyi Dong , Bo Qi , Ian R. Petersen , Zhibo Hou , Hidehiro Yonezawa , Guo-Yong Xiang

As a new research area, quantum software testing lacks systematic testing benchmarks to assess testing techniques' effectiveness. Recently, some open-source benchmarks and mutation analysis tools have emerged. However, there is insufficient…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Eñaut Mendiluze Usandizaga , Tao Yue , Paolo Arcaini , Shaukat Ali

Gate set tomography (GST) is a self-consistent and highly accurate method for the tomographic reconstruction of a quantum information processor's quantum logic operations, including gates, state preparations, and measurements. However,…

Exploring low-cost applications is paramount to creating value in early fault-tolerant quantum computers. Here we optimize both gate and qubit counts of recent algorithms for simulating the Fermi-Hubbard model. We further devise and compile…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-12 Angus Kan , Benjamin Symons

As we approach the era of quantum advantage, when quantum computers (QCs) can outperform any classical computer on particular tasks, there remains the difficult challenge of how to validate their performance. While algorithmic success can…

Quantum Phase Estimation (QPE) is a cornerstone algorithm for fault-tolerant quantum computation, especially for electronic structure calculations of chemical systems. To accommodate the diverse characteristics of quantum chemical systems,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-03 Calvin Ku , Yu-Cheng Chen , Alice Hu , Min-Hsiu Hsieh

Practical Quantum computing hinges on the ability to control large numbers of qubits with high fidelity. Quantum dots define a promising platform due to their compatibility with semiconductor manufacturing. Moreover, high-fidelity…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-07-28 W. I. L. Lawrie , M. Rimbach-Russ , F. van Riggelen , N. W. Hendrickx , S. L. de Snoo , A. Sammak , G. Scappucci , J. Helsen , M. Veldhorst

As various quantum computing technologies continue to compete for quantum supremacy, several parameters have emerged as benchmarks for the quality of qubits. These include fidelity, coherence times, connectivity, and a few others. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-04 Daniel Koch , Avery Torrance , David Kinghorn , Saahil Patel , Laura Wessing , Paul M. Alsing

Outcome probability estimation via classical methods is an important task for validating quantum computing devices. Outcome probabilities of any quantum circuit can be estimated using Monte Carlo sampling, where the amount of negativity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-14 Nikolaos Koukoulekidis , Hyukjoon Kwon , Hyejung H. Jee , David Jennings , M. S. Kim

We present a cross-language C++/Python program for simulations of quantum mechanical systems with the use of Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods. We describe a system for which to apply QMC, the algorithms of variational Monte Carlo and…

Computational Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 J. K. Nilsen

We have investigated the realizability of the controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate and characterized the gate operation by quantum process tomography for a chain of qubits, realized by electrons confined in self-assembled quantum dots embedded in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-04 Makoto Unoki , Hiromichi Nakazato , Kazuya Yuasa , Kanji Yoh

Quantum computers (QCs) must implement quantum error correcting codes (QECCs) to protect their logical qubits from errors, and modeling the effectiveness of QECCs on QCs is an important problem for evaluating the QC architecture. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Eric Chi , Stephen A. Lyon , Margaret Martonosi

Quantum information processing systems are often operated through time dependent controls; choosing these controls in a way that makes the resulting operation insensitive to variations in unknown or uncontrollable system parameters is an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Janus H. Wesenberg

We derive exact, universal, closed-form quantum Monte Carlo estimators for finite-temperature energy susceptibility and fidelity susceptibility, applicable to essentially arbitrary Hamiltonians. Combined with recent advancements in Monte…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-01-30 Nic Ezzell , Lev Barash , Itay Hen

Quantum mechanics for many-body systems may be reduced to the evaluation of integrals in 3N dimensions using Monte-Carlo, providing the Quantum Monte Carlo ab initio methods. Here we limit ourselves to expectation values for trial…

Computational Physics · Physics 2010-11-22 John Robert Trail , Ryo Maezono

In this Ph.D. thesis quantum Monte Carlo methods are applied to investigate the properties of a number of ultracold quantum systems. In Chapter 1 we discuss the analytical approaches and approximations used in the subsequent Chapters; also…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2013-01-10 Oleg N. Osychenko

Current technological advancements of quantum computers highlight the need for application-driven, practical and well-defined methods of benchmarking their performance. As the existing NISQ device's quality of two-qubit gate errors rate is…

Performance · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Krzysztof Kurowski , Piotr Rydlichowski , Konrad Wojciechowski , Tomasz Pecyna , Mateusz Slysz

There has been a concerted effort to identify problems computable with quantum technology which are intractable with classical technology or require far fewer resources to compute. Recently, randomness processing in a Bernoulli factory has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-05 Raj B. Patel , Terry Rudolph , Geoff J. Pryde

We put forward a strategy to encode a quantum operation into the unmodulated dynamics of a quantum network without the need of external control pulses, measurements or active feedback. Our optimization scheme, inspired by supervised machine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-07-21 Leonardo Banchi , Nicola Pancotti , Sougato Bose