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Euler's solution in 1734 of the Basel problem, which asks for a closed form expression for the sum of the reciprocals of all perfect squares, is one of the most celebrated results of mathematical analysis. In the modern era, numerous proofs…
We use Taylor's formula with Lagrange remainder to make a modern adaptation of Poisson's proof of a version of the fundamental theorem of calculus in the case when the integral is defined by Euler sums, that is Riemann sums with left (or…
This is a translation of Euler's Latin paper "De fractionibus continuis observationes" into English. In this paper Euler describes his theory of continued fractions. He teaches, how to transform series into continued fractions, solves the…
We consider the relation between Euler's trinomial problem and the problem of decomposition of tensor powers of adjoint representation of $A_1$ Lie algebra. By using this approach, some new results for both problems are obtained.
We formalize a proof of the irrationality of $\zeta(3)$ in Lean 4, using Beukers' method. To support this, we extend the Lean mathematical library (Mathlib) by formalizing shifted Legendre polynomials and important results in analytic…
Given integers $\ell > m >0$, we define monic polynomials $X_n$, $Y_n$, and $Z_n$ with the property that $\mu$ is a zero of $X_n$ if and only if the triple $(\mu,\mu+m,\mu+\ell)$ satisfies $x^n + y^n = z^n$. It is shown that the…
In this paper, Euler transforms the divergent series in the title, and thereby dervies the well known continued fraction expansion for pi/4 from Leibniz's series. The paper is translated from Euler's Latin originial into German.
In this paper we confirm a conjecture of Sun which states that each positive integer is a sum of a square, an odd square and a triangular number. Given any positive integer m, we show that p=2m+1 is a prime congruent to 3 modulo 4 if and…
We present an algebraic generalization of Euler's theorem for quadrilaterals. Starting from the parallelogram identity in an inner product space, we derive Apollonius' identity and obtain Euler's quadrilateral identity in a unified vector…
Let ``Faulhaber's formula'' refer to an expression for the sum of powers of integers written with terms in n(n+1)/2. Initially, the author used Faulhaber's formula to explain why odd Bernoulli numbers are equal to zero. Next, Cereceda gave…
Within the scope of elementary number theory, we prove that, as the main result, if $1 \leq x < y < z$ are integers such that at least one of $y, z, x+y$ is prime then $x^{n}+y^{n} \neq z^{n}$ for every odd integer $n \geq 3$. This result…
This note provides an effective lower bound for the number of primes in the quadratic progression $p=n^2+1 \leq x$ as $x \to \infty$.
Euler wrote several papers on Astronomy, most of them in Latin. This is a commented translation of E304 'Considerationes de motu corporum coelestium' (Considerations on the motion of celestial bodies). In this publication, Euler essentially…
It is shown that every sufficiently large even integer is a sum of two primes and exactly 13 powers of 2. Under the Generalized Rieman Hypothesis one can replace 13 by 7. Unlike previous work on this problem, the proof avoids numerical…
By using of Euler's difference table, we obtain simple explicit formula for the decomposition of $k$-th tensor power of adjoint representation of $A_n$ Lie algebra at $2 k \le{n+1}$.
In a previous paper, the authors proved that in any system of three linear forms satisfying obvious necessary local conditions, there are at least two forms that infinitely often assume $E_2$-values; i.e., values that are products of…
We prove an upper bound for the number of representations of a positive integer $N$ as the sum of four $k$-th powers of integers of size at most $B$, using a new version of the Determinant method developed by Heath-Brown, along with recent…
We investigate splitting-type variational problems with some linear growth conditions. For balanced solutions of the associated Euler-Lagrange equation we receive a result analogous to Bernstein's theorem on non-parametric minimal surfaces.…
An alternative form of Fermats equation[1] is proposed. It represents a portion of the identity that includes three terms of Fermats original equation. This alternative form permits an elementary and compact proof of the first case of…
We show that an apparently overlooked result of Euler from \cite{E421} is essentially equivalent to the general multiplication formula for the $\Gamma$-function that was proven by Gauss in \cite{Ga28}.