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We present a new algorithm for Tukey (halfspace) depth level sets and its implementation. Given $d$-dimensional data set for any $d\geq 2$, the algorithm is based on representation of level sets as intersections of balls in $R^d$, and can…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2016-11-16 Milica Bogicevic , Milan Merkle

We study families of depth measures defined by natural sets of axioms. We show that any such depth measure is a constant factor approximation of Tukey depth. We further investigate the dimensions of depth regions, showing that the Cascade…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-08-11 Patrick Schnider

The concept of depth represents methods to measure how deep an arbitrary point is positioned in a dataset and can be seen as the opposite of outlyingness. It has proved very useful and a wide range of methods have been developed based on…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-01-09 Hugo Lewi Hammer , Anis Yazidi , Håvard Rue

We give examples of different multivariate probability distributions whose halfspace depths coincide at all points of the sample space.

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-05-28 Stanislav Nagy

We propose and analyze the moving median absolute deviation (MMAD) as a robust depth construction based on the median absolute distance functional with particular emphasis on its local geometry and probabilistic structure. In the univariate…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-07 Elsayed Elamir

Among their competitors, projection depth and its induced estimators are very favorable because they can enjoy very high breakdown point robustness without having to pay the price of low efficiency, meanwhile providing a promising…

Computation · Statistics 2011-12-30 Xiaohui Liu , Yijun Zuo , Zhizhong Wang

Statistical data depth plays an important role in the analysis of multivariate data sets. The main outcome is a center-outward ordering of the observations that can be used both to highlight features of the underlying distribution of the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-11 Giacomo Francisci , Claudio Agostinelli

We introduce the Integrated Dual Local Depth which is a local depth measure for data in a Banach space based on the use of one-dimensional projections. The properties of a depth measure are analyzed under this setting and a proper…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-01-01 Lucas Fernandez-Piana , Marcela Svarc

We study empirical variants of the halfspace (Tukey) depth of a probability measure $\mu$, which are obtained by replacing $\mu$ with the corresponding weighted empirical measure. We prove analogues of the Marcinkiewicz--Zygmund strong law…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-03-15 Andrii Ilienko , Ilya Molchanov , Riccardo Turin

A data depth measures the centrality of a point with respect to an empirical distribution. Postulates are formulated, which a depth for functional data should satisfy, and a general approach is proposed to construct multivariate data depths…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-01-31 Karl Mosler , Yulia Polyakova

We analyze the performance of the Tukey median estimator under total variation (TV) distance corruptions. Previous results show that under Huber's additive corruption model, the breakdown point is 1/3 for high-dimensional…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-04-02 Banghua Zhu , Jiantao Jiao , Jacob Steinhardt

During the past two decades there has been a lot of interest in developing statistical depth notions that generalize the univariate concept of ranking to multivariate data. The notion of depth has also been extended to regression models and…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-08-18 Peter J. Rousseeuw , Mia Hubert

We propose a novel measure of statistical depth, the metric spatial depth, for data residing in an arbitrary metric space. The measure assigns high (low) values for points located near (far away from) the bulk of the data distribution,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-06-19 Joni Virta

In this paper, we show that the halfspace depth random variable for samples from a univariate distribution with a notion of center is distributed as a uniform distribution on the interval [0,1/2]. The simplicial depth random variable has a…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-27 Rui Ding

The halfspace depth of a $d$-dimensional point $x$ with respect to a finite (or probability) Borel measure $\mu$ in $\mathbb{R}^d$ is defined as the infimum of the $\mu$-masses of all closed halfspaces containing $x$. A natural question is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-08-09 Petra Laketa , Stanislav Nagy

Statistical depth measures the centrality of a point with respect to a given distribution or data cloud. It provides a natural center-outward ordering of multivariate data points and yields a systematic nonparametric multivariate analysis…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-10-30 John H. J. Einmahl , Jun Li , Regina Y. Liu

Given data in $\mathbb{R}^{p}$, a Tukey $\kappa$-trimmed region is the set of all points that have at least Tukey depth $\kappa$ w.r.t. the data. As they are visual, affine equivariant and robust, Tukey regions are useful tools in…

Computation · Statistics 2018-11-09 Xiaohui Liu , Karl Mosler , Pavlo Mozharovskyi

Geometric (also known as spatial) quantiles, introduced by Chaudhury and representing one of the three principal approaches to defining multivariate quantiles, have been well studied in the literature. In this work, we focus on the extremal…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-05 Sibsankar Singha , Marie Kratz , Sreekar Vadlamani

A median-radius framework for assessing centrality in multivariate data using median distances is proposed. Based on the proposed framework, a scale invariant measure of radial dispersion is defined and used to establish a depth function…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-14 Elsayed Elamir

Notions of depth in regression have been introduced and studied in the literature. Regression depth (RD) of Rousseeuw and Hubert (1999), the most famous one, is a direct extension of Tukey location depth (Tukey (1975)) to regression. Like…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-07-13 Yijun Zuo