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The concept of statistical depth extends the notions of the median and quantiles to other statistical models. These procedures aim to formalize the idea of identifying deeply embedded fits to a model that are less influenced by…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-11 Jorge G. Adrover , Marcelo Ruiz

Tukey depth function is one of the most famous multivariate tools serving robust purposes. It is also very well known for its computability problems in dimensions $p \ge 3$. In this paper, we address this computing issue by presenting two…

Computation · Statistics 2016-10-07 Xiaohui Liu

We present a new fast approximate algorithm for Tukey (halfspace) depth level sets and its implementation-ABCDepth. Given a $d$-dimensional data set for any $d\geq 1$, the algorithm is based on a representation of level sets as…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Milica Bogićević , Milan Merkle

Robust estimation of location is a fundamental problem in statistics, particularly in scenarios where data contamination by outliers or model misspecification is a concern. In univariate settings, methods such as the sample median and…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-07 Alejandro Cholaquidis , Ricardo Fraiman , Leonardo Moreno , Gonzalo Perera

In 1975 John Tukey proposed a multivariate median which is the 'deepest' point in a given data cloud in R^d. Later, in measuring the depth of an arbitrary point z with respect to the data, David Donoho and Miriam Gasko considered…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-12-18 Karl Mosler

Given a probability measure $\mu $ on ${\mathbb R}^n$, Tukey's half-space depth is defined for any $x\in {\mathbb R}^n$ by $\varphi_{\mu }(x)=\inf\{\mu (H):H\in {\cal H}(x)\}$, where ${\cal H}(x)$ is the set of all half-spaces $H$ of…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-09-18 Silouanos Brazitikos , Apostolos Giannopoulos , Minas Pafis

\We introduce the horospherical depth, an intrinsic notion of statistical depth on Hadamard manifolds, and define the Busemann median as the set of its maximizers. The construction exploits the fact that the linear functionals appearing in…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-14 Yangdi Jiang , Xiaotian Chang , Cyrus Mostajeran

Tukey depth regions are important notions in nonparametric multivariate data analysis. A $\tau$-th Tukey depth region $\mathcal{D}_{\tau}$ is the set of all points that have at least depth $\tau$. While the Tukey depth regions are easily…

Computation · Statistics 2014-04-17 Xiaohui Liu

The concept of depth has proved very important for multivariate and functional data analysis, as it essentially acts as a surrogate for the notion a ranking of observations which is absent in more than one dimension. Motivated by the rapid…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-30 Gery Geenens , Alicia Nieto-Reyes , Giacomo Francisci

A new multivariate concept of quantile, based on a directional version of Koenker and Bassett's traditional regression quantiles, is introduced for multivariate location and multiple-output regression problems. In their empirical version,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2010-02-25 Marc Hallin , Davy Paindaveine , Miroslav Šiman

The concept of data depth leads to a center-outward ordering of multivariate data, and it has been effectively used for developing various data analytic tools. While different notions of depth were originally developed for finite…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-02-13 Anirvan Chakraborty , Probal Chaudhuri

Halfspace (or Tukey) depth is a fundamental and robust measure of centrality of data points in multivariate datasets. Computing the depth of a point with respect to the uniform distribution on an open convex body in $\mathbb{R}^d$ is a…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Purvi Gupta , Anant Narayanan

Identification of the center of a data cloud is one of the basic problems in statistics. One popular choice for such a center is the median, and several versions of median in finite dimensional spaces have been studied in the literature. In…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-02-13 Anirvan Chakraborty , Probal Chaudhuri

The Tukey depth of a flat with respect to a point set is a concept that appears in many areas of discrete and computational geometry. In particular, the study of centerpoints, center transversals, Ham Sandwich cuts, or $k$-edges can all be…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Daniel Bertschinger , Jonas Passweg , Patrick Schnider

Statistical depths provide a fundamental generalization of quantiles and medians to data in higher dimensions. This paper proposes a new type of globally defined statistical depth, based upon control theory and eikonal equations, which…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-01-17 Martin Molina-Fructuoso , Ryan Murray

Classical multivariate statistics measures the outlyingness of a point by its Mahalanobis distance from the mean, which is based on the mean and the covariance matrix of the data. A multivariate depth function is a function which, given a…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-06 Karl Mosler , Pavlo Mozharovskyi

We establish a definition of ordinal patterns for multivariate data sets based on the concept of Tukey's halfspace depth. Given the definition of these \emph{depth patterns}, we are interested in the probabilities of observing specific…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-27 Annika Betken , Alexander Schnurr

Data depth is a statistical function that generalizes order and quantiles to the multivariate setting and beyond, with applications spanning over descriptive and visual statistics, anomaly detection, testing, etc. The celebrated halfspace…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-22 Arturo Castellanos , Pavlo Mozharovskyi , Florence d'Alché-Buc , Hicham Janati

Despite the renewed interest in the Newey and Powell (1987) concept of expectiles in fields such as econometrics, risk management, and extreme value theory, expectile regression---or, more generally, M-quantile regression---unfortunately…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-05-31 Abdelaati Daouia , Davy Paindaveine

For any given partial order in a $d$-dimensional euclidean space, under mild regularity assumptions, we show that the intersection of closed (generalized) intervals containing more than 1/2 of the probability mass, is a non-empty compact…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-11-05 Djordje Baljozovic , Milan Merkle