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The original Parrondo game, denoted as AB3, contains two independent games: A and B. The winning or losing of A and B game is defined by the change of one unit of capital. Game A is a losing game if played continuously, with winning…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-06-22 Ka Wai Cheung , Ho Fai Ma , Degang Wu , Ga Ching Lui , Kwok Yip Szeto

We define the Sign Game as a two-player game played on a simple undirected mathematical graph $G$. The players alternate turns, assigning vertices of $G$ either $1$ or $-1$, and edges take on the value of the product of their endvertices.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-12 Liz Blum , Lily Brustkern , Rosetta Hawkins , Neil R. Nicholson , Ranjan Rohatgi

We study algorithmic complexity of solving subtraction games in a~fixed dimension with a finite difference set. We prove that there exists a game in this class such that any algorithm solving the game runs in exponential time. Also we prove…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-01-14 Vladimir Gurvich , Michael Vyalyi

The Sprague-Grundy (SG) theory reduces the sum of impartial games to the classical game of $NIM$. We generalize the concept of sum and introduce $\cH$-combinations of impartial games for any hypergraph $\cH$. In particular, we introduce the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-01-12 Endre Boros , Vladimir Gurvich , Nhan Bao Ho , Kazuhisa Makino , Peter Mursic

The usual $n$-in-a-row game is a positional game in which two player alternately claim points in $\bb{Z}^2$ with the winner being the first player to claim $n$ consecutive points in a line. We consider a variant of the game, suggested by…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-09-25 Joshua Erde

Two new techniques are introduced into the theory of the domination game. The cutting lemma bounds the game domination number of a partially dominated graph with the game domination number of suitably modified partially dominated graph. The…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-02-22 Paul Dorbec , Michael A. Henning , Sandi Klavžar , Gašper Košmrlj

In this paper we solve the three-player-game question. A three-player-game consists of a series of rounds. There are altogether three players. Two players participate in each round, at the end of the round the loser quits and the third…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-09-11 Fangqi Li

Sprouts is a two-player topological game, invented in 1967 by Michael Paterson and John Conway. The game starts with p spots drawn on a sheet of paper, and lasts at most 3p-1 moves: the player who makes the last move wins. Sprouts is a very…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-03-13 Julien Lemoine , Simon Viennot

Small Progress Measures is one of the classical parity game solving algorithms. For games with n vertices, m edges and d different priorities, the original algorithm computes the winning regions and a winning strategy for one of the players…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-09-25 Maciej Gazda , Tim A. C. Willemse

Stochastic games combine controllable and adversarial non-determinism with stochastic behavior and are a common tool in control, verification and synthesis of reactive systems facing uncertainty. Multi-objective stochastic games are natural…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Tobias Winkler , Maximilian Weininger

Two players play a game by alternately splitting a surface of a compact $2$-manifold along a simple closed curve that is not null-homotopic and attaching disks to the resulting boundary; the last player who can move wins. Starting from an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-09-04 David R. Berman , Lee O. Leonard

Positional games are a well-studied class of combinatorial game. In their usual form, two players take turns to play moves in a set (`the board'), and certain subsets are designated as `winning': the first person to occupy such a set wins…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-07-12 J. Robert Johnson , Imre Leader , Mark Walters

Combinatorial game theory (CGT), as introduced by Berlekamp, Conway and Guy, involves two players who move alternately in a perfect information, zero-sum game, and there are no chance devices. Also the games have the finite descent property…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-10-09 Melissa Huggan , Richard J. Nowakowski , Paul Ottaway

We study operators that combine combinatorial games. This field was initiated by Sprague-Grundy (1930s), Milnor (1950s) and Berlekamp-Conway-Guy (1970-80s) via the now classical disjunctive sum operator on (abstract) games. The new class…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-12-22 Eric Duchene , Marc Heinrich , Urban Larsson , Aline Parreau

We define the family of {\it locally path-bounded} digraphs, which is a class of infinite digraphs, and show that on this class it is relatively easy to compute an optimal strategy (winning or nonlosing); and realize a win, when possible,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Aviezri S. Fraenkel , Ofer Rahat

By resorting to the vector space structure of finite games, skew-symmetric games (SSGs) are proposed and investigated as a natural subspace of finite games. First of all, for two player games, it is shown that the skew-symmetric games form…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-12-11 Yaqi Hao , Daizhan Cheng

The number of quantifiers needed to express first-order properties is captured by two-player combinatorial games called multi-structural (MS) games. We play these games on linear orders and strings, and introduce a technique we call…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Marco Carmosino , Ronald Fagin , Neil Immerman , Phokion Kolaitis , Jonathan Lenchner , Rik Sengupta , Ryan Williams

The game subset take-away begins with a simplicial complex \Delta. Two players take turns removing any element of \Delta as well as all other elements which contain it, and the last player able to move wins. Graph Chomp is a special case of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-03-17 Tirasan Khandhawit , Lynnelle Ye

The connected domination game is played just as the domination game, with an additional requirement that at each stage of the game the vertices played induce a connected subgraph. The number of moves in a D-game (an S-game, resp.) on a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-12-21 Csilla Bujtás , Vesna Iršič , Sandi Klavžar

In this paper we will discuss scoring play games. We will give the basic definitions for scoring play games, and show that they form a well defined set, with clear and distinct outcome classes under these definitions. We will also show that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-11-08 Fraser Stewart