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Physical instantiations of a bit of information are subject to thermal noise that can trigger unintended bit-flip errors. Bits implemented with CMOS technology typically operate in regimes that reliably suppress these errors with a large…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-03-06 Cathryn Murphy , Schuyler Nicholson , Nahuel Freitas , Emanuele Penocchio , Todd Gingrich

We present an experiment in which a one-bit memory is constructed, using a system of a single colloidal particle trapped in a modulated double-well potential. We measure the amount of heat dissipated to erase a bit and we establish that in…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-09-06 Antoine Bérut , Artyom Petrosyan , Sergio Ciliberto

We derive two fundamental trade-offs for general stochastic limit cycles in the weak-noise limit. The first is the dissipation-coherence trade-off, which was discovered and proved under additional assumptions by Santolin and Falasco [Phys.…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-04 Ryuna Nagayama , Sosuke Ito

Landauer's principle sets fundamental thermodynamical constraints for classical and quantum information processing, thus affecting not only various branches of physics, but also of computer science and engineering. Despite its importance,…

The Landauer's principle, a cornerstone of information thermodynamics, provides a fundamental lower bound on the energetic cost of information erasure in terms of the information content change. However, its traditional formulation is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Yuanyuan Xiao , Jian-Hua Jiang , Junjie Liu

Landauer's principle states that it costs at least kTln2 of work to reset one bit in the presence of a heat bath at temperature T. The bound of kTln2 is achieved in the unphysical infinite-time limit. Here we ask what is possible if one is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-16 Cormac Browne , Andrew J. P. Garner , Oscar C. O. Dahlsten , Vlatko Vedral

Elucidating fundamental limitations inherent in physical systems is a central subject in physics. For important thermodynamic operations such as information erasure, cooling, and copying, resources like time and energetic cost must be…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-11-14 Tan Van Vu , Keiji Saito

The Landauer principle sets a fundamental thermodynamic constraint on the minimum amount of heat that must be dissipated to erase one logical bit of information through a quasi-statically slow protocol. For finite time information erasure,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-04-28 L. T. Giorgini , R. Eichhorn , M. Das , W. Moon , J. S. Wettlaufer

Investigating principles for storage of quantum information at finite temperature with minimal need for active error correction is an active area of research. We bear upon this question in two-dimensional holographic conformal field…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-11-04 Avik Banerjee , Tanay Kibe , Nehal Mittal , Ayan Mukhopadhyay , Pratik Roy

Computations implemented on a physical system are fundamentally limited by the laws of physics. A prominent example for a physical law that bounds computations is the Landauer principle. According to this principle, erasing a bit of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-03-17 Roi Holtzman , Geva Arwas , Oren Raz

The Landauer principle asserts that the energy cost of erasure of one bit of information by the action of a thermal reservoir in equilibrium at temperature T is never less than $kTlog 2$. We discuss Landauer's principle for quantum…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-06-19 Vojkan Jaksic , Claude-Alain Pillet

We propose one of the very few constructive consequences of the second law of thermodynamics. More specifically, we present protocols for secret-key establishment and multiparty computation the security of which is based fundamentally on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-06 Xavier Coiteux-Roy , Stefan Wolf

Landauer's principle states that the erasure of one bit of information requires the free energy kT ln 2. We argue that the reliability of the bit erasure process is bounded by the accuracy inherent in the statistical state of the energy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Dominik Janzing , Pawel Wocjan , Robert Zeier , Rubino Geiss , Thomas Beth

In thermodynamics one considers thermal systems and the maximization of entropy subject to the conservation of energy. A consequence is Landauer's erasure principle, which states that the erasure of 1 bit of information requires a minimum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-19 Stephen M. Barnett , Joan A. Vaccaro

Landauer's principle imposes a fundamental limit on the energy cost to perfectly initialize a classical bit, which is only reached under the ideal operation with infinite-long time. The question on the cost in the practical operation for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-15 Yu-Han Ma , Jin-Fu Chen , C. P. Sun , Hui Dong

A known aspect of the Clausius inequality is that an equilibrium system subjected to a squeezing $\d S$ of its entropy must release at least an amount $|\dbarrm Q|=T|\d S|$ of heat. This serves as a basis for the Landauer principle, which…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-10-31 A. E. Allahverdyan , Th. M. Nieuwenhuizen

We study the time-dependent transport of heat in a nanoscale thermal switch. The switch consists of left and right leads that are initially uncoupled. During switch-on the coupling between the leads is abruptly turned on. We use the…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2010-02-10 Eduardo C. Cuansing , Jian-Sheng Wang

The Landauer principle establishes a fundamental lower bound on the energetic cost of the erasure of a one-bit memory in thermal equilibrium. Here, we experimentally demonstrate how this bound can be effectively circumvented by introducing…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-02-24 Salambô Dago , Ludovic Bellon

An analysis of efficiency and its bounds at maximum work output for Carnot-like heat engines is conducted. The heat transfer processes are described by the linear law with time-dependent heat conductance. The upper bound of efficiency is…

Classical Physics · Physics 2014-06-04 Rui Long , Wei Liu

The heart of every switched mode converter consists of several switching semiconductor elements. Due to their non-ideal behaviour there are ON state and switching losses heating up the silicon chip. That heat must effectively be transferred…

Accelerator Physics · Physics 2016-07-07 R. Künzi