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CDCL-based SAT solvers have transformed the field of automated reasoning owing to their demonstrated efficiency at handling problems arising from diverse domains. The success of CDCL solvers is owed to the design of clever heuristics that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Arijit Shaw , Kuldeep S. Meel

The past three decades have witnessed notable success in designing efficient SAT solvers, with modern solvers capable of solving industrial benchmarks containing millions of variables in just a few seconds. The success of modern SAT solvers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Jiong Yang , Arijit Shaw , Teodora Baluta , Mate Soos , Kuldeep S. Meel

In this paper we relate different formulations of the DPLL(T) procedure. The first formulation is based on a system of rewrite rules, which we denote DPLL(T). The second formulation is an inference system of, which we denote LKDPLL(T). The…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2012-04-24 Mahfuza Farooque , Stéphane Lengrand , Assia Mahboubi

We propose Differentiable Satisfiability and Differentiable Answer Set Programming (Differentiable SAT/ASP) for multi-model optimization. Models (answer sets or satisfying truth assignments) are sampled using a novel SAT/ASP solving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-01 Matthias Nickles

Modern conflict-driven clause-learning (CDCL) Boolean SAT solvers provide efficient automatic analysis of real-world feature models (FM) of systems ranging from cars to operating systems. It is well-known that solver-based analysis of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-07-30 Jia Hui Liang , Vijay Ganesh , Venkatesh Raman , Krzysztof Czarnecki

Propositional satisfiability (SAT) solvers, which typically operate using conjunctive normal form (CNF), have been successfully applied in many domains. However, in some application areas such as circuit verification, bounded model…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-11-19 Tero Laitinen , Tommi Junttila , Ilkka Niemelä

We introduce a new algorithm for checking satisfiability based on a calculus of Dependency sequents (D-sequents). Given a CNF formula F(X), a D-sequent is a record stating that under a partial assignment a set of variables of X is redundant…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2012-07-23 Eugene Goldberg , Panagiotis Manolios

Satisfiability problem (SAT) is a cornerstone of computational complexity with broad industrial applications, and it remains challenging to optimize modern SAT solvers in real-world settings due to their intricate architectures. While…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Yiwen Sun , Furong Ye , Zhihan Chen , Ke Wei , Shaowei Cai

A novel parallel algorithm for solving the classical Decision Boolean Satisfiability problem with clauses in conjunctive normal form is depicted. My approach for solving SAT is without using algebra or other computational search strategies…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-17 Carlos Barrón-Romero

We present two different methods for estimating the cost of solving SAT problems. The methods focus on the online behaviour of the backtracking solver, as well as the structure of the problem. Modern SAT solvers present several challenges…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2009-07-30 Shai Haim , Toby Walsh

We propose to use a DPLL+restart to solve SAT instances by successive simplifications based on the production of clauses that subsume the initial clauses. We show that this approach allows the refutation of pebbling formulae in polynomial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-19 Olivier Bailleux

In the article \The State of SAT", the authors asked whether a procedure dramatically different from DPLL can be found for handling unsatisfiable instances. This study proposes a new linear programming approach to address this issue…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-08-20 Chengling Fang , Jiang Liu

Restarts are a widely-used class of techniques integral to the efficiency of Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) Boolean SAT solvers. While the utility of such policies has been well-established empirically, a theoretical explanation of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Chunxiao Li , Noah Fleming , Marc Vinyals , Toniann Pitassi , Vijay Ganesh

We present an online method for estimating the cost of solving SAT problems. Modern SAT solvers present several challenges to estimate search cost including non-chronological backtracking, learning and restarts. Our method uses a linear…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2009-03-05 Shai Haim , Toby Walsh

Over the last two decades, we have seen a dramatic improvement in the efficiency of conflict-driven clause-learning Boolean satisfiability (CDCL SAT) solvers on industrial problems from a variety of domains. The availability of such…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Saeed Nejati , Vijay Ganesh

In various scenarios, a single phase of modelling and solving is either not sufficient or not feasible to solve the problem at hand. A standard approach to solving AI planning problems, for example, is to incrementally extend the planning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Gökberk Koçak , Özgür Akgün , Nguyen Dang , Ian Miguel

As the cornerstone of modern power systems, the Unit Commitment Problem (UC) is critical for ensuring operational security and economic efficiency in the ongoing global energy transition. However, existing UC studies typically propose…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yuxin Zhao , Han Huang , Fangji Fu , Zhifeng Hao

The practical success of Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) solvers stems from the CDCL (Conflict-Driven Clause Learning) approach to SAT solving. However, from a propositional proof complexity perspective, CDCL is no more powerful than the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-07-06 Alexey Ignatiev , Antonio Morgado , Joao Marques-Silva

The Circuit Satisfiability (CSAT) problem, a variant of the Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem, plays a critical role in integrated circuit design and verification. However, existing SAT solvers, optimized for Conjunctive Normal Form…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Zhengyuan Shi , Tiebing Tang , Jiaying Zhu , Sadaf Khan , Hui-Ling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Zhufei Chu , Qiang Xu

Modern conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) SAT solvers are very good in solving conjunctive normal form (CNF) formulas. However, some application problems involve lots of parity (xor) constraints which are not necessarily efficiently…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-07-25 Tero Laitinen , Tommi Junttila , Ilkka Niemelä