Related papers: Properties of proper rational numbers

We introduce a set of eight universal Rules of Inference by which computer programs with known properties (axioms) are transformed into new programs with known properties (theorems). Axioms are presented to formalize a segment of Number…

Let $b$ be an integer greater than or equal to $2$. For any integer $n\in \left[b^{\lambda-1}, b^{\lambda}-1\right]$, we denote by $R_\lambda (n)$ the reverse of $n$ in base $b$, obtained by reversing the order of the digits of $n$. We…

Although regular conditional distributions (r.c.d.) are well-defined and widely used measure-theoretic objects, they can violate our intuition from the classical definition of a conditional probability given an event. For that purpose, the…

A right ideal is a language L over an alphabet A that satisfies L = LA*. We show that there exists a stream (sequence) (R_n : n \ge 3) of regular right ideal languages, where R_n has n left quotients and is most complex under the following…

A natural question about Dedekind sums is to find conditions on the integers $a_1, a_2$, and $b$ such that $s(a_1,b) = s(a_2, b)$. We prove that if the former equality holds then $ b \ | \ (a_1a_2-1)(a_1-a_2)$. Surprisingly, to the best of…

Being mathematics a natural language to Mankind and to physics, it must be constantly adapted to our necessities and our natural perception. Then, mathematical concepts are not absolute to reality. Although mathematical theories are…

Euler showed that if an odd perfect number exists, it must be of the form $N = p^\alpha q_{1}^{2\beta_{1}}$ $\ldots$ $q_{k}^{2\beta_{k}}$, where $p, q_{1}, \ldots, q_k$ are distinct odd primes, $\alpha$, $\beta_{i} \geq 1$, for $1 \leq i…

Norm forms, examples of which include $x^2 + y^2$, $x^2 + x y - 57 y^2$, and $x^3 + 2 y^3 + 4 z^3 - 6 x y z$, are integral forms arising from norms on number fields. We prove that the natural density of the set of integers represented by a…

We will describe an algorithm to arrange all the positive and negative integer numbers. This array of numbers permits grouping them in six different Classes, $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$, $\delta$, $\epsilon$, and $\zeta$. Particularly,…

Romanov proved that a positive proportion of the integers have a representation as a sum of a prime and a power of an arbitrary fixed positive integer. Rieger proved the analogous result for number fields. We will determine an explicit…

Let A be a central simple algebra central over a number field K whose ring of integers is R. An outlier is an element r of R so that: r is a reduced norm of an element of A, but not the norm of an algebraic integer in A. We study properties…

A practical number is a positive integer $n$ such that all positive integers less than $n$ can be written as a sum of distinct divisors of $n$. Leonetti and Sanna proved that, as $x \to +\infty$, the central binomial coefficient…

A natural number N is said to be palindromic if its binary representation reads the same forwards and backwards. In this paper we study the quotients of two palindromic numbers and answer some basic questions about the resulting sets of…

Any rational number can be factored into a product of several rationals whose sum vanishes. This simple but nontrivial fact was suggested as a problem on a maths olympiad for high-school students. We completely solve similar questions in…

We call a set of positive integers closed under taking unitary divisors a unitary ideal. It can be regarded as a simplicial complex. Moreover, a multiplicative arithmetical function on such a set corresponds to a function on the simplicial…

It is well known that sin(a\pi/b), cos(a\pi/b), etc., are only rational numbers for a few select integers a and b. We show that this is equivalent to the fact that only for d = 1,2,3,4, and 6 is the primitive dth root of unity of degree 2…

While the general form of even perfect numbers is well-known, the existence or non-existence of odd perfect numbers is still an open problem. We address this problem and prove that if a natural number is odd, then it's not perfect.

We define a sequence of positive integers recursively, where each term is determined as follows: starting with a given positive integer, if the term is odd, the next is the sum of its positive divisors; if the term is even, the subsequent…

This paper contributes to the conjecture of R. Scott and R. Styer which asserts that for any fixed relatively prime positive integers $a,b$ and $c$ all greater than 1 there is at most one solution to the equation $a^x+b^y=c^z$ in positive…

We show that if there exists an integer subject to some congruence conditions that cannot be written as the sum of the norm of an ideal in $\mathbb{Z}[\exp(2\pi i/2^k)]$ and at most $k$ powers of $2$, $k\geq 3$, then there are infinitely…