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Although the definition and measurement of intelligence is clearly of fundamental importance to the field of artificial intelligence, no general survey of definitions and tests of machine intelligence exists. Indeed few researchers are even…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2008-06-26 Shane Legg , Marcus Hutter

Solomonoff induction is known to be universal, but incomputable. Its approximations, namely, the Minimum Description (or Message) Length (MDL) principles, are adopted in practice in the efficient, but non-universal form. Recent attempts to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-06-10 Alexey Potapov , Sergey Rodionov

Decision theory formally solves the problem of rational agents in uncertain worlds if the true environmental probability distribution is known. Solomonoff's theory of universal induction formally solves the problem of sequence prediction…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-07-16 Marcus Hutter

All it takes to identify the computer programs which are Artificial Intelligence is to give them a test and award AI to those that pass the test. Let us say that the scores they earn at the test will be called IQ. We cannot pinpoint a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Dimiter Dobrev

Since the noun phrase `artificial intelligence' (AI) was coined, it has been debated whether humans are able to create intelligence using technology. We shed new light on this question from the point of view of themodynamics and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Jobst Landgrebe , Barry Smith

The symbolism, connectionism and behaviorism approaches of artificial intelligence have achieved a lot of successes in various tasks, while we still do not have a clear definition of "intelligence" with enough consensus in the community…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Yutao Yue

One of the main research areas in Artificial Intelligence is the coding of agents (programs) which are able to learn by themselves in any situation. This means that agents must be useful for purposes other than those they were created for,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-02-04 Javier Insa-Cabrera , Jose Hernandez-Orallo

The overarching problem in artificial intelligence (AI) is that we do not understand the intelligence process well enough to enable the development of adequate computational models. Much work has been done in AI over the years at lower…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-16 Paul Yaworsky

Benchmarks such as ARC, Raven-inspired tests, and the Blackbird Task are widely used to evaluate the intelligence of large language models (LLMs). Yet, the concept of intelligence remains elusive- lacking a stable definition and failing to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ruchira Dhar , Ninell Oldenburg , Anders Soegaard

Today, available methods that assess AI systems are focused on using empirical techniques to measure the performance of algorithms in some specific tasks (e.g., playing chess, solving mazes or land a helicopter). However, these methods are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-09-26 Javier Insa-Cabrera , Jose Hernandez-Orallo

We define a notion of the intelligence level of an idealized mechanical knowing agent. This is motivated by efforts within artificial intelligence research to define real-number intelligence levels of complicated intelligent systems. Our…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-12-23 Samuel Allen Alexander

In this paper, we introduce a way to measure the intelligence (or relevance) of an approximation of a given real number in a given model of approximation. Based on the notion of complexity of a number, defined as the number of its digits…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Bakir Farhi

With the rise of artificial intelligence (A.I.) and large language models like ChatGPT, a new race for achieving artificial general intelligence (A.G.I) has started. While many speculate how and when A.I. will achieve A.G.I., there is no…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Georgios Mappouras

In this paper we offer a formal definition of Artificial Intelligence and this directly gives us an algorithm for construction of this object. Really, this algorithm is useless due to the combinatory explosion. The main innovation in our…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-10-08 Dimiter Dobrev

Inspired by recent progress in multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (RL), in this work we examine the collective intelligent behaviour of theoretical universal agents by introducing a weighted mixture operation. Given a weighted set of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Samuel Allen Alexander , David Quarel , Len Du , Marcus Hutter

We propose that operator induction serves as an adequate model of perception. We explain how to reduce universal agent models to operator induction. We propose a universal measure of operator induction fitness, and show how it can be used…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-09-13 Eray Özkural

We motivate and outline a programme for a formal theory of measurement of artificial intelligence. We argue that formalising measurement for AI will allow researchers, practitioners, and regulators to: (i) make comparisons between systems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Elija Perrier

The rapid development of artificial intelligence has brought the artificial intelligence threat theory as well as the problem about how to evaluate the intelligence level of intelligent products. Both need to find a quantitative method to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-12-19 Feng Liu , Yong Shi , Ying Liu

In the pursuit of artificial general intelligence, our most significant measurement of progress is an agent's ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments. Existing platforms for constructing such environments are typically…

A core part of human intelligence is the ability to work flexibly with others to achieve goals. The incorporation of artificial agents into human spaces is making increasing demands on artificial intelligence (AI) to demonstrate and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-30 William J. Bingley , S. Alexander Haslam , Janet Wiles