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Related papers: Solving Rubik's Cube Using SAT Solvers

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In this article we demonstrate how to solve a variety of problems and puzzles using the built-in SAT solver of the computer algebra system Maple. Once the problems have been encoded into Boolean logic, solutions can be found (or shown to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Curtis Bright , Jürgen Gerhard , Ilias Kotsireas , Vijay Ganesh

In this paper, we present a novel algorithm and its three variations for solving the Rubik's cube more efficiently. This algorithm can be used to solve the complete $n \times n \times n$ cube in $O(\frac{n^2}{\log n})$ moves. This algorithm…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-07-13 Ahmad Kaleem , Ahsan Kaleem

Rubik's Cube is one of the most famous combinatorial puzzles involving nearly $4.3 \times 10^{19}$ possible configurations. Its mathematical description is expressed by the Rubik's group, whose elements define how its layers rotate. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-16 Sebastiano Corli , Lorenzo Moro , Davide E. Galli , Enrico Prati

Rubik's Cube (RC) is a well-known and computationally challenging puzzle that has motivated AI researchers to explore efficient alternative representations and problem-solving methods. The ideal situation for planning here is that a problem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Bharath Muppasani , Vishal Pallagani , Biplav Srivastava , Forest Agostinelli

The Rubix Cube is a 3-dimensional single-player combination puzzle attracting attention in the reinforcement learning community. A Rubix Cube has six faces and twelve possible actions, leading to a small and unconstrained action space and a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Shunyu Yao , Mitchy Lee

Since its first appearance, transformers have been successfully used in wide ranging domains from computer vision to natural language processing. Application of transformers in Reinforcement Learning by reformulating it as a sequence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Mustafa Ebrahim Chasmai

Parallel solving via cube-and-conquer is a key method for scaling SAT solvers to hard instances. While cube-and-conquer has proven successful for pure SAT problems, notably the Pythagorean triples conjecture, its application to SAT solvers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Markus Kirchweger , Hai Xia , Tomáš Peitl , Stefan Szeider

The Circuit Satisfiability (CSAT) problem, a variant of the Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem, plays a critical role in integrated circuit design and verification. However, existing SAT solvers, optimized for Conjunctive Normal Form…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Zhengyuan Shi , Tiebing Tang , Jiaying Zhu , Sadaf Khan , Hui-Ling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Zhufei Chu , Qiang Xu

The Rubiks Cube, with its vast state space and sparse reward structure, presents a significant challenge for reinforcement learning (RL) due to the difficulty of reaching rewarded states. Previous research addressed this by propagating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Yicheng Lin , Siyu Liang

Satisfiability (SAT) is a central problem in computer science, and advances in SAT-solving algorithms have a far-reaching impact across many fields. Recent works have proposed quantum SAT solvers based on Grover's algorithm, a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Shang-Wei Lin , Ji-Qing Yan , Yean-Ru Chen , Zhe Hou , David Sanán

The Rubik's Cube is perhaps the world's most famous and iconic puzzle, well-known to have a rich underlying mathematical structure (group theory). In this paper, we show that the Rubik's Cube also has a rich underlying algorithmic…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-06-29 Erik D. Demaine , Martin L. Demaine , Sarah Eisenstat , Anna Lubiw , Andrew Winslow

Existing combinatorial search methods are often complex and require some level of expertise. This work introduces a simple and efficient deep learning method for solving combinatorial problems with a predefined goal, represented by Rubik's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Kyo Takano

This work describes in detail how to learn and solve the Rubik's cube game (or puzzle) in the General Board Game (GBG) learning and playing framework. We cover the cube sizes 2x2x2 and 3x3x3. We describe in detail the cube's state…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Wolfgang Konen

Humans excel in solving complex reasoning tasks through a mental process of moving from one idea to a related one. Inspired by this, we propose Subgoal Search (kSubS) method. Its key component is a learned subgoal generator that produces a…

Despite the effectiveness of Cube-and-Conquer (C&C) for solving challenging Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problems, no prior work has shown that transformer-based models can learn effective cubing heuristics. We introduce a neuro-symbolic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ferhat Erata , Sam Kouteili , Thanos Typaldos , Timos Antonopoulos , Robert B. Jones , Byron Cook , Ruzica Piskac

Encoding finite linear CSPs as Boolean formulas and solving them by using modern SAT solvers has proven to be highly effective, as exemplified by the award-winning sugar system. We here develop an alternative approach based on ASP. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-12-23 Mutsunori Banbara , Martin Gebser , Katsumi Inoue , Torsten Schaub , Takehide Soh , Naoyuki Tamura , Matthias Weise

This paper introduces AlphaMapleSAT, a Cube-and-Conquer (CnC) parallel SAT solver that integrates Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) with deductive feedback to efficiently solve challenging combinatorial SAT problems. Traditional lookahead…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Piyush Jha , Zhengyu Li , Zhengyang Lu , Raymond Zeng , Curtis Bright , Vijay Ganesh

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solving is a fundamental problem in computer science. Finding efficient algorithms for SAT solving has broad implications in many areas of computer science and beyond. Quantum SAT solvers have been proposed in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-08 Shang-Wei Lin , Tzu-Fan Wang , Yean-Ru Chen , Zhe Hou , David Sanán , Yon Shin Teo

In the field of Boolean satisfiability problems (SAT), at-most-k constraints, which suppress the number of true target variables at most k, are often used to describe objective problems. At-most-k constraints are used not only for…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Shunji Nishimura

Modern SMT solvers have revolutionized the approach to constraint satisfaction problems by integrating advanced theory reasoning and encoding techniques. In this work, we evaluate the performance of modern SMT solvers in Z3, CVC5 and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Liam Davis , Tairan Ji
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