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The notion of Schnorr randomness refers to computable reals or computable functions. We propose a version of Schnorr randomness for subcomputable classes and characterize it in different ways: by Martin L\"of tests, martingales or measure…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Claude Sureson

What does it mean for an algorithm to be fair? Different papers use different notions of algorithmic fairness, and although these appear internally consistent, they also seem mutually incompatible. We present a mathematical setting in which…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2016-09-26 Sorelle A. Friedler , Carlos Scheidegger , Suresh Venkatasubramanian

Motivated by results on generic-case complexity in group theory, we apply the ideas of effective Baire category and effective measure theory to study complexity classes of functions which are "fractionally computable" by a partial…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-30 Ilya Kapovich , Paul Schupp

This paper proposes an alternative language for expressing results of the algorithmic theory of randomness. The language is more precise in that it does not involve unspecified additive or multiplicative constants, making mathematical…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-06-09 Vladimir Vovk

Ordinal classification problems, where labels exhibit a natural order, are prevalent in high-stakes fields such as medicine and finance. Accurate uncertainty quantification, including the decomposition into aleatoric (inherent variability)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Stefan Haas , Eyke Hüllermeier

Although algorithmic randomness with respect to various non-uniform computable measures is well-studied, little attention has been paid to algorithmic randomness with respect to computable \emph{trivial} measures, where a measure $\mu$ on…

Logic · Mathematics 2015-03-24 Christopher P. Porter

We initiate the systematic study of experimental quantum physics from the perspective of computational complexity. To this end, we define the framework of quantum algorithmic measurements (QUALMs), a hybrid of black box quantum algorithms…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-09 Dorit Aharonov , Jordan Cotler , Xiao-Liang Qi

Solomonoff unified Occam's razor and Epicurus' principle of multiple explanations to one elegant, formal, universal theory of inductive inference, which initiated the field of algorithmic information theory. His central result is that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2008-06-26 Marcus Hutter

Quantum learning encounters fundamental challenges when estimating non-linear properties, owing to the inherent linearity of quantum mechanics. Although recent advances in single-copy randomized measurement protocols have achieved optimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Zhenyu Du , Yifan Tang , Andreas Elben , Ingo Roth , Jens Eisert , Zhenhuan Liu

Both classical and respectively quantum observables can be modeled as somewhat similar examples of random variables. In such a model the associated measurements preserve the values spectrum of an observable but change the corresponding…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2008-03-20 S. Dumitru , A. Boer

Within the last fifteen years, a program of establishing relationships between algorithmic randomness and almost-everywhere theorems in analysis and ergodic theory has developed. In harmonic analysis, Franklin, McNicholl, and Rute…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-01-07 Johanna N. Y. Franklin , Lucas E. Rodriguez , Diego A. Rojas

We study algorithmic randomness and monotone complexity on product of the set of infinite binary sequences. We explore the following problems: monotone complexity on product space, Lambalgen's theorem for correlated probability,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2010-06-29 Hayato Takahashi

We show that for each computable ordinal $\alpha>0$ it is possible to find in each Martin-L\"of random $\Delta^0_2$ degree a sequence $R$ of Cantor-Bendixson rank $\alpha$, while ensuring that the sequences that inductively witness $R$'s…

Logic · Mathematics 2020-02-19 Rupert Hölzl , Christopher P. Porter

We use ideas from topological dynamics (amenability), combinatorics (structural Ramsey theory) and model theory (Fra\" {i}ss\' e limits) to study closed amenable subgroups $G$ of the symmetric group $S_\infty$ of a countable set, where…

Logic · Mathematics 2012-05-03 Willem L. Fouche

We study invariant measures for random countable (finite or infinite) conformal iterated function systems (IFS) with arbitrary overlaps. We do not assume any type of separation condition. We prove, under a mild assumption of finite entropy,…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2015-03-24 Eugen Mihailescu , Mariusz Urbanski

The notion of expansivity and its generalizations (measure expansive, measure positively expansive, continuum-wise expansive, countably-expansive) are well known for deterministic systems and can be a useful property for studying…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-10-15 Rafael A. Bilbao , Marlon Oliveira , Eduardo Santana

Bennett's notion of depth is usually considered to describe the usefulness and internal organization of the information encoded into an object such as an infinite binary sequence. We consider a natural way to relativize the notion of depth…

Logic · Mathematics 2021-12-09 Laurent Bienvenu , Valentino Delle Rose , Wolfgang Merkle

This work unifies the analysis of various randomized methods for solving linear and nonlinear inverse problems by framing the problem in a stochastic optimization setting. By doing so, we show that many randomized methods are variants of a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-06-21 Jonathan Wittmer , C. G. Krishnanunni , Hai V. Nguyen , Tan Bui-Thanh

Solomonoff's central result on induction is that the posterior of a universal semimeasure M converges rapidly and with probability 1 to the true sequence generating posterior mu, if the latter is computable. Hence, M is eligible as a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-08-20 Marcus Hutter , Andrej Muchnik

This paper defines a new notion of bounded computable randomness for certain classes of sub-computable functions which lack a universal machine. In particular, we define such versions of randomness for primitive recursive functions and for…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Sam Buss , Douglas Cenzer , Jeffrey B. Remmel