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We prove a lower bound on the relative entropy between two finite-dimensional states in terms of their entropy difference and the dimension of the underlying space. The inequality is tight in the sense that equality can be attained for any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-16 David Reeb , Michael M. Wolf

We give a probabilistic analysis of inductive knowledge and belief and explore its predictions concerning knowledge about the future, about laws of nature, and about the values of inexactly measured quantities. The analysis combines a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Jeremy Goodman , Bernhard Salow

Transfer Entropy and Directed Information are information-theoretic measures of the directional dependency between stochastic processes. Following the definitions of Schreiber and Massey in discrete time, we define and evaluate these…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-04-08 Nigel J. Newton

This letter reports two moment extensions of the entropy of a distribution. By understanding the traditional entropy as the average of the original distribution up to a random variable transformation, the traditional moments equation become…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2008-03-25 Luciano da Fontoura Costa

Ebrahimi (1996) has shown that the measure of residual entropy characterizes the distribution function uniquely. In this communication we study an analogous result for past entropy.

Applications · Statistics 2012-03-08 Richa Thapliyal , H. C. Taneja

We introduce an information-theoretic method for quantifying causality in chaotic systems. The approach, referred to as IT-causality, quantifies causality by measuring the information gained about future events conditioned on the knowledge…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-11-01 Adrián Lozano-Durán , Gonzalo Arranz , Yuenong Ling

While frameworks based on physical grounds (like the Drift-Diffusion Model) have been exhaustively used in psychology and neuroscience to describe perceptual decision-making in humans, analogous approaches for more complex situations like…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-12-19 Javier Cristín , Vicenç Méndez , Daniel Campos

Recently Qiu et al. (2017) have introduced residual extropy as measure of uncertainty in residual lifetime distributions analogues to residual entropy (1996). Also, they obtained some properties and applications of that. In this paper, we…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-09-07 Osman Kamari , Francesco Buono

In the previous papers (Kui\'{c} et al. in Found Phys 42:319-339, 2012; Kui\'{c} in arXiv:1506.02622, 2015), it was demonstrated that applying the principle of maximum information entropy by maximizing the conditional information entropy,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-06-14 Domagoj Kuic

The density matrix yields probabilistic information about the outcome of measurements on a quantum system, but it does not distinguish between classical randomness in the preparation of the system and entanglement with its environment.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-11 Julien Pinske , Klaus Mølmer

Transfer entropy measures directed information flow in time series, and it has become a fundamental quantity in applications spanning neuroscience, finance, and complex systems analysis. However, existing estimation methods suffer from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Simon Pedro Galeano Munoz , Mustapha Bounoua , Giulio Franzese , Pietro Michiardi , Maurizio Filippone

In a recent paper, I argued against backward in time effects used by several authors to explain delayed choice experiments. I gave an explanation showing that there is no physical influence propagating from the present to the past and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-19 Hervé Zwirn

A mechanism is proposed that allows to interpret the temporal evolution of a physical system as a result of the inability of an observer to record its whole state and a simple example is given. It is based on a review of the concepts of…

General Physics · Physics 2010-10-15 Alberto Bicego

Quantifying the directionality of information flow is instrumental in understanding, and possibly controlling, the operation of many complex systems, such as transportation, social, neural, or gene-regulatory networks. The standard Transfer…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-01-09 Jingjing Zhang , Osvaldo Simeone , Zoran Cvetkovic , Eugenio Abela , Mark Richardson

This paper examines the conceptual convergence between Lee Smolin's Causal Theory of Views, Karl Friston's Free Energy Principle, and contemporary psychological accounts of the functions of consciousness. Although formulated within…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-02-18 Anna Sverdlik

Human reading behavior is sensitive to surprisal: more predictable words tend to be read faster. Unexpectedly, this applies not only to the surprisal of the word that is currently being read, but also to the surprisal of upcoming…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Marten van Schijndel , Tal Linzen

Reichenbach's principle states that in a causal structure, correlations of classical information can stem from a common cause in the common past or a direct influence from one of the events in correlation to the other. The difficulty of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-19 Ämin Baumeler , Julien Degorre , Stefan Wolf

We propose utilizing entropy as a diagnostic tool to distinguish between constant and dynamical dark energy models. Entropy, a measure of the system's disorder or information content, captures the complexity and evolution of the universe.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-16 Tanisha Joshi

Ex ante forecast outcomes should be interpreted as counterfactuals (potential histories), with errors as the spread between outcomes. Reapplying measurements of uncertainty about the estimation errors of the estimation errors of an…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2012-09-12 Nassim N. Taleb

A nonequilibrium system is characterized by a set of thermodynamic forces and fluxes which give rise to entropy production (EP). We show that these forces and fluxes have an information-geometric structure, which allows us to decompose EP…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-12-16 Artemy Kolchinsky , Andreas Dechant , Kohei Yoshimura , Sosuke Ito