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Let G be a graph with a perfect matching. A complete forcing set of G is a subset of edges of G to which the restriction of every perfect matching is a forcing set of it. The complete forcing number of G is the minimum cardinality of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-02-09 Xin He , Heping Zhang

Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process whereby a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor forces that neighbor to be colored. It is NP-hard to find a minimum zero forcing set - a smallest set of initially colored…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-07-05 Boris Brimkov

Zero forcing parameters, associated with graphs, have been studied for over a decade, and have gained popularity as the number of related applications grows. In particular, it is well-known that such parameters are related to certain vertex…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-09-01 Shaun Fallat , Karen Meagher , Abolghasem Soltani , Boting Yang

We introduce a new variant of zero forcing - signed zero forcing. The classical zero forcing number provides an upper bound on the maximum nullity of a matrix with a given graph (i.e. zero-nonzero pattern). Our new variant provides an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-07-09 Felix Goldberg , Abraham Berman

We investigate the zero-forcing number for triangle-free graphs. We improve upon the trivial bound, $\delta \le Z(G)$ where $\delta$ is the minimum degree, in the triangle-free case. In particular, we show that $2 \delta - 2 \le Z(G)$ for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-06-13 Randy Davila , Franklin Kenter

While a number of bounds are known on the zero forcing number $Z(G)$ of a graph $G$ expressed in terms of the order of a graph and maximum or minimum degree, we present two bounds that are related to the (upper) total domination number…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-10-12 Boštjan Brešar , María Gracia Cornet , Tanja Dravec , Michael Henning

We study the minimum rank of a (simple, undirected) graph, which is the minimum rank among all matrices in a space determined by the graph. We determine the exact set of graphs on eight vertices for which the nullity of a minimum rank…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-13 Wayne Barrett , Mark Hunnell , John Hutchens , John Sinkovic

Zero forcing is a dynamic graph coloring process whereby a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor forces that neighbor to be colored. This forcing process has been used to approximate certain linear algebraic parameters, as well as…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-04-05 Boris Brimkov , Randy Davila

A forcing set for a perfect matching of a graph is defined as a subset of the edges of that perfect matching such that there exists a unique perfect matching containing it. A complete forcing set for a graph is a subset of its edges, such…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-09-27 Javad B. Ebrahimi , Aref Nemayande , Elahe Tohidi

Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process, where given a set of initially colored vertices, a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor causes that neighbor to become colored. A zero forcing set is a set of initially colored…

Zero forcing is a binary coloring game on a graph where a set of filled vertices can force non-filled vertices to become filled following a color change rule. In 2008, the zero forcing number of a graph was shown to be an upper bound on its…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-12 Thomas R. Cameron , Jonad Pulaj

Several researchers have recently explored various graph parameters that can or cannot be characterized by the spectrum of a matrix associated with a graph. In this paper we show that several NP-hard zero forcing numbers are not…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-04-25 Aida Abiad , Boris Brimkov , Jane Breen , Thomas R. Cameron , Himanshu Gupta , Ralihe R. Villagrán

In this paper, we propose computational approaches for the zero forcing problem, the connected zero forcing problem, and the problem of forcing a graph within a specified number of timesteps. Our approaches are based on a combination of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-09-20 Boris Brimkov , Caleb C. Fast , Illya V. Hicks

In this paper, controllability of systems defined on graphs is discussed. We consider the problem of controllability of the network for a family of matrices carrying the structure of an underlying directed graph. A one-to-one correspondence…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2014-03-20 Nima Monshizadeh , Shuo Zhang , Kanat Camlibel

Let $G$ be a finite simple graph and $I(G)$ denote the corresponding edge ideal. For all $s \geq 1$, we obtain upper bounds for reg$(I(G)^s)$ for bipartite graphs. We then compare the properties of $G$ and $G'$, where $G'$ is the graph…

Commutative Algebra · Mathematics 2016-09-07 A V Jayanthan , N Narayanan , S Selvaraja

We determine upper and lower bounds on the zero forcing number of 2-connected outerplanar graphs in terms of the structure of the weak dual. We show that the upper bound is always at most half the number of vertices of the graph. This work…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-08-23 Nolan Ison , Mark Kempton , Franklin Kenter

Let $G$ be a graph, and $Z$ a subset of its vertices, which we color black, while the remaining are colored white. We define the skew color change rule as follows: if $u$ is a vertex of $G$, and exactly one of its neighbors $v$, is white,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-05-16 Luz M. DeAlba

Recently, there have been found new relations between the zero forcing number and the minimum rank of a graph with the algebraic co-rank. We continue on this direction by giving a characterization of the graphs with real algebraic co-rank…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-05-06 Carlos A. Alfaro

Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process studied for its wide array of applications. In this process, the vertices of the graph are initially designated as blue or white, and a zero forcing set is a set of initially blue vertices…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-23 Asher Brown , Mark Hunnell , Za'Kiyah Toomer-Sanders , Sarah Weber

For a simple graph, the minimum rank problem is to determine the smallest rank among the symmetric matrices whose off-diagonal nonzero entries occur in positions corresponding to the edges of the graph. Bounds on this minimum rank (and on…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-03 Louis Deaett , Derek Young