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One of the most enigmatic and hitherto unexplained properties of Jupiter Trojans is their bimodal color distribution. This bimodality is indicative of two sub-populations within the Trojans, which have distinct size distributions. In this…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-10-05 Ian Wong , Michael E. Brown

We present updated non-adiabatic and inhomogeneous evolution models for Uranus and Neptune, employing an interior composition of methane, ammonia, water, and rocks. Following formation trends of the gas giants, Uranus and Neptune formation…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-28 Roberto Tejada Arevalo

We explore a simplified model of the outcome of an early outer Solar System gravitational upheaval during which objects were captured into Neptune's 3:2 mean motion resonance via scattering rather than smooth planetary migration. We use…

The dynamical structure of the Kuiper belt can be used as a clue to the formation and evolution of the Solar System, planetary systems in general, and Neptune's early orbital history in particular. The problem is best addressed by forward…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-03-03 David Nesvorny

Recent works on planetary migration show that the orbital structure of the Kuiper belt can be very well reproduced if before the onset of the planetary instability Neptune underwent a long-range planetesimal-driven migration up to $\sim$28…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-03-22 Rogerio Deienno , Alessandro Morbidelli , Rodney S. Gomes , David Nesvorny

Trojan objects share a planet's orbit, never straying far from the triangular Lagrangian points, 60 degrees ahead of (L4) or behind (L5) the planet. We report the detection of a Uranian Trojan; in our numerical integrations, 2011 QF99…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2013-09-02 Mike Alexandersen , Brett Gladman , Sarah Greenstreet , JJ Kavelaars , Jean-Marc Petit , Stephen Gwyn

The origins of Uranus and Neptune are not fully understood. Their inclined rotation axes -- obliquities -- suggest that they experienced giant impacts during their formation histories. Simulations modeling their accretion from giant impacts…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-12-05 Leandro Esteves , André Izidoro , Othon C. Winter

We present an analysis of lifetimes and resonances of Earth Trojan Asteroids (ETAs) in the MEGASIM data set (Yeager & Golovich 2022). Trojan asteroids co-orbit the Sun with a planet but remain bound to the Lagrange points, L4 (60{\deg}…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-10-26 Travis Yeager , Nathan Golovich

Jovian co-orbitals share Jupiter's orbit in 1:1 mean motion resonance. This includes $>$10,000 so-called Trojan asteroids surrounding the leading (L4) and trailing (L5) Lagrange points, viewed as stable groups dating back to planet…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-12-12 Sarah Greenstreet , Brett Gladman , Mario Juric

We fit an isothermal oscillatory density model of Neptune's protoplanetary disk to the surviving regular satellites and its innermost ring and we determine the radial scale length of the disk, the equation of state and the central density…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-03-05 Dimitris M. Christodoulou , Demosthenes Kazanas

Most of the objects in the trans-Neptunian belt (TNb) and related populations move in prograde orbits with low eccentricity and inclination. However, the list of icy minor bodies moving in orbits with an inclination above 40 deg. has…

The Kuiper belt is a population of icy bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. The complex orbital structure of the Kuiper belt, including several categories of objects inside and outside of resonances with Neptune, emerged as a result of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-07-13 David Nesvorny , David Vokrouhlicky

The orbital distribution of trans-Neptunian objects provides strong evidence for the radial migration of Neptune. The outer planets' orbits are thought to have become unstable during the early stages with Jupiter having scattering…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-09-12 David Nesvorny , David Vokrouhlicky , William F. Bottke , Harold F. Levison

As part of our ongoing Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES) of the Kuiper belt, we report on the occupation of the 1:1 (Trojan), 4:3, 3:2, 7:4, 2:1, and 5:2 Neptunian mean-motion resonances (MMRs). The occupation of the 1:1 and 5:2 MMRs is not easily…

A recent examination of K2 lightcurves indicates that ~15% of Jupiter Trojans have very slow rotation (spin periods Ps>100 h). Here we consider the possibility that these bodies formed as equal-size binaries in the massive outer disk at…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-04-22 D. Nesvorny , D. Vokrouhlicky , W. F. Bottke , H. F. Levison , W. M. Grundy

By examining the absolute magnitude (H) distributions (hereafter HD) of the cold and hot populations in the Kuiper belt and of the Trojans of Jupiter, we find evidence that the Trojans have been captured from the outer part of the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2009-03-06 Morbidelli Alessandro , Harold F. Levison , William Bottke , Luke Dones , David Nesvorny

In a previous paper, we have found that the resonance structure of the present Jupiter Trojan swarms could be split up into four different families of resonances. Here, in a first step, we generalize these families in order to describe the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-13 Philippe Robutel , Julien Bodossian

The core accretion theory of planet formation has at least two fundamental problems explaining the origins of Uranus and Neptune: (1) dynamical times in the trans-Saturnian solar nebula are so long that core growth can take > 15 Myr, and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-14 Sarah E. Dodson-Robinson , Peter Bodenheimer

Recently, the first collisional family was identified in the trans-Neptunian belt. The family consists of Haumea and at least ten other ~100km-sized trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) located in the region a = 42 - 44.5 AU. In this work, we…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2012-12-27 Patryk Sofia Lykawka , Jonathan Horner , Tadashi Mukai , Akiko M. Nakamura

In the outer Solar system, primordial Trojan asteroids may have remained dynamically stable for billions of years. Several thousands of them accompany Jupiter in its journey around the Sun and a similarly large population may be hosted by…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-11-15 C. de la Fuente Marcos , R. de la Fuente Marcos