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High-resolution imaging has revolutionized materials science by offering detailed insights into the atomic structures of materials. Electron microscopy and spectroscopy rely on analysing backscattered and transmitted electrons as well as…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-06-10 P. E. Trevisanutto , S. Taioli , M. Dapor , C. S. Allen , G. Teobaldi

In this review article fundamentals of aberration corrected phase contrast transmission electron microscopy for the structural characterization of materials at atomic length scale is presented. The word structure entails atomic arrangement…

Materials Science · Physics 2026-03-26 Ranjan Datta , Sneha Kobri M. , Sudip Mahato

We report resolution enhancement in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images using a generative adversarial network. We demonstrate the veracity of this deep learning-based super-resolution technique by inferring unresolved features in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-21 Kevin de Haan , Zachary S. Ballard , Yair Rivenson , Yichen Wu , Aydogan Ozcan

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a well-known tool for studying surface roughness and to collect depth information about features on the top atomic layer of samples. By combining secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) with focused ion beam…

Materials Science · Physics 2022-10-18 Lex Pillatsch , Szilvia Kalácska , Xavier Maeder , Johann Michler

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) produces an image of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with the atoms in the sample, which emit secondary electrons that contain information about the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-09-08 Shahar Tsiper , Or Dicker , Idan Kaizerman , Zeev Zohar , Mordechai Segev , Yonina C. Eldar

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) delivers high resolution, high depth of focus and an image quality as if microscopic objects are seen by the naked eye. This makes it not only a powerful scientific instrument, but a tool inherently…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-04-01 Casimir Kuzyk , Alexander Dimitrakopoulos , Alireza Nojeh

We are preparing for an ultra-high resolution x-ray spectroscopy of kaonic atoms using an x-ray spectrometer based on an array of superconducting transition-edge-sensor microcalorimeters developed by NIST. The instrument has excellent…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2014-03-06 S. Okada , D. A. Bennett , W. B. Doriese , J. W. Fowler , K. D. Irwin , S. Ishimoto , M. Sato , D. R. Schmidt , D. S. Swetz , H. Tatsuno , J. N. Ullom , S. Yamada

Modern microscopy techniques are aimed at imaging an individual molecule at atomic resolution. Here we show that low-energy electrons with kinetic energies of 50-250 eV offer a possibility of overcome the problem of radiation damage, and…

Biological Physics · Physics 2013-05-09 Tatiana Latychevskaia , Jean-Nicolas Longchamp , Conrad Escher , Hans-Werner Fink

An alternative approach to the image simulation in high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is introduced after comparative analysis of the existing image simulation methods. The alternative method is based on considering…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-03-30 Usha Bhat , Ranjan Datta

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is the most widespread adopted tool for atomic scale characterization of two-dimensional (2D) materials. Many 2D materials remain susceptible to electron beam damage, despite the standardized…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-08-11 Sytze de Graaf , Majid Ahmadi , Ivan Lazić , Eric G. T. Bosch , Bart J. Kooi

Strong field photoemission and electron recollision provide a viable route to extract electronic and nuclear dynamics from molecular targets with attosecond temporal resolution. However, since an {\em ab-initio} treatment of even the…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2016-11-02 N. Suárez , A. Chacón , M. F. Ciappina , B. Wolter , J. Biegert , M. Lewenstein

Atomic-scale imaging offers a reliable tool to directly measure the movement of microscopic particles. We present a scheme for achieving a nondestructive and ultrasensitive imaging of Rydberg atoms within an ensemble of cold probe atoms.…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2022-01-26 Xiaoguang Huo , J. F. Chen , Jing Qian , Weiping Zhang

Imaging sensors made from an ionization target layer of amorphous selenium (aSe) coupled to a silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel array for charge readout are a promising technology for neutrino physics. The…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-03-02 Alvaro E. Chavarria

Pseudo-heterodyne scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (sSNOM) is applied in the mid-infrared region to detect the chemical composition of biomolecules on the nanoscale. However, the application of sSNOM in molecular…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-08-06 Yusuke Sakiyama , Emanuel Pfitzner , Santiago H. Andany , Georg E. Fantner , Joachim Heberle

The effects of the tilt of the crystallographic orientation with respect to an incident electron probe on high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) imaging in aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) have been…

Materials Science · Physics 2017-04-26 J. Cui , Y. Yao , Y. G. Wang , X. Shen , R. C. Yu

Photoelectron holography constitutes a powerful tool for the ultrafast imaging of matter, as it combines high electron currents with subfemtosecond resolution, and gives information about transition amplitudes and phase shifts. Similarly to…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2020-02-19 C. Figueira de Morisson Faria , A. S. Maxwell

The electron motion in atoms and molecules is at the heart of all phenomena in nature that occur outside the nucleus. Recently, ultrafast electron and X-ray imaging tools have been developed to image the ultrafast dynamics of matter in real…

We have developed a broadband scanning tunnelling microscope capable of conventional, low frequency (<10 kHz), microscopy as well spectroscopy and shot-noise detection at 1 MHz. After calibrating our AC circuit on a gold surface, we…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2018-09-28 Freek Massee , Quan Dong , Antonella Cavanna , Yong Jin , Marco Aprili

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful imaging tool that has found broad application in materials science, nanoscience and biology(1-3). With the introduction of aberration-corrected electron lenses, both the spatial…

Microscopy with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation holds promise for high-resolution imaging with excellent material contrast, due to the short wavelength and numerous element-specific absorption edges available in this spectral range. At…