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Simple quantitative measures of indeterminism and signalling, $I$ and $S$, are defined for models of statistical correlations. It is shown that any such model satisfies a generalised Bell-type inequality, with tight upper bound B(I,S). This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-12-30 Michael J. W. Hall

It has been believed that statistical inequality such as Bell inequality should be modified once measurement independence (MI), the assumption that observers can freely choose measurement settings without changing the probability…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-19 Minsu Kim , Jinhyoung Lee , Sang Wook Kim

Almost all Bell-inequality experiments to date have used postselection, and therefore relied on the fair sampling assumption for their interpretation. The standard form of the fair sampling assumption is that the loss is independent of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-01-29 Dominic W. Berry , Hyunseok Jeong , Magdalena Stobinska , Timothy C. Ralph

It is well known that the effect of quantum nonlocality, as witnessed by violation of a Bell inequality, can be observed even when relaxing the assumption of measurement independence, i.e. allowing for the source to be partially correlated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-17 Ivan Šupić , Jean-Daniel Bancal , Nicolas Brunner

Quantum correlations that violate the Bell inequality cannot be explained by any (measurement independent) local hidden variable theory. However, the violation only implies incompatibility of the underlying assumptions of reality, locality,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-30 Gen Kimura , Yugo Susuki , Kei Morisue

It is generally believed that Bell's inequality holds for the case of entangled states, including two correlated particles or special states of a single particle. Here, we derive a single-particle Bell's inequality for two correlated spin…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. Shafiee , M. Golshani

Scientific inquiry seeks causal explanations of observed phenomena. The Bell experiment provides a paradigmatic case, revealing correlations between spatially separated systems that no local model can reproduce. Such correlations, known as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Mark Broom , Talel Naccache , Emmanuel M. Pothos , Christoph Gallus , Pawel Blasiak

The correlations that violate the CHSH inequality are known to have complementary contributions from signaling and local indeterminacy. This complementarity is shown to represent a strengthening of Bell's theorem, and can be used to certify…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-08-06 S. Aravinda , R. Srikanth

Bell inequalities exclude a broad class of local hidden-variable explanations of quantum correlations. A recurring objection is that the usual Bell form is static, whereas real measuring devices may contain local memory, stochastic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Ming Yang

A quantum state can be characterized from the violation of a Bell inequality. The well-known CHSH inequality for example can be used to quantify the fidelity (up to local isometries) of the measured state with respect to the singlet state.…

Bell-type experiments that test correlated observables typically involve measurements of spin or polarization on multi-particle systems in singlet states. These observables are all non-commuting and satisfy an uncertainty relation.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Ian T. Durham

According to quantum theory, the outcomes obtained by measuring an entangled state necessarily exhibit some randomness if they violate a Bell inequality. In particular, a maximal violation of the CHSH inequality guarantees that 1.23 bits of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-03-23 Antonio Acin , Serge Massar , Stefano Pironio

We give a sufficient condition of nonlocality in order to reproduce singlet spin correlations. For a given pair of hidden variables and measurement directions this condition determines only the product of the outcomes and reproduces…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-07-23 Mehmet Ali Kuntman , Ertan Kuntman

Bell's theorem asserts that no model that satisfies all of the plausible physical assumptions of outcome independence (OI), measurement independence (MI) and Parameter Independence (PI) can reproduce quantum mechanics. Here I find the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-15 Moji Ghadimi

The Bell inequality constrains the outcomes of measurements on pairs of distant entangled particles. The Bell contradiction states that the Bell inequality is inconsistent with the calculated outcomes of these quantum experiments. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Kees van Hee , Kees van Berkel , Jan de Graaf

The Bell inequality is thought to be a common constraint shared by all models of local hidden variables that aim to describe the entangled states of two qubits. Since the inequality is violated by the quantum mechanical description of these…

General Physics · Physics 2020-08-05 David H. Oaknin

Relying on some auxiliary assumptions, usually considered mild, Bell's theorem proves that no local theory can reproduce all the predictions of quantum mechanics. In this work, we introduce a fully local, superdeterministic model that, by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-04 G. S. Ciepielewski , E. Okon , D. Sudarsky

The question of certifying quantum nonlocality under a relaxation of the assumptions in the Bell theorem has gained traction, with potential for device-independent applications under weak seeds and cross-talk. Recently, it was shown that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Ravishankar Ramanathan , Yuan Liu

Bell correlations are usually formulated for an ideal spin singlet, for which the Bell--CHSH combination reaches the maximal quantum value \(B=-2\sqrt{2}\), independent of detector separation. Here we derive Bell correlations from a more…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Ju Gao , Fang Shen

Generalising the concept of Bell nonlocality to networks leads to novel forms of correlations, the characterization of which is however challenging. Here we investigate constraints on correlations in networks under the two natural…