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Related papers: When is .999... less than 1?

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Is .999... equal to 1? Lightstone's decimal expansions yield an infinity of numbers in [0,1] whose expansion starts with an unbounded number of digits "9". We present some non-standard thoughts on the ambiguity of an ellipsis, modeling the…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2009-02-24 Karin Usadi Katz , Mikhail G. Katz

The view of infinity as a metaphor, a basic premise of modern cognitive theory of embodied knowledge, suggests in particular that there may be alternative ways in which one could formalize mathematical ideas about infinity. We discuss the…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2010-03-09 Karin U. Katz , Mikhail G. Katz

Philosopher Benardete challenged both the conventional wisdom and the received mathematical treatment of zero, dot, nine recurring. An initially puzzling passage in Benardete on the intelligibility of the continuum reveals challenging…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2017-06-02 Jacques Bair , Piotr Blaszczyk , Karin U. Katz , Mikhail G. Katz , Taras Kudryk , David Sherry

Mathematical conception of infinite quantities forms a cornerstone of many disciplines of modern mathematics --- from differential calculus to set theory. In fact, it could be argued that the most significant revolutions in mathematics in…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2018-12-18 Petr Glivický

The mathematical study of infinity seems to have the ability to transport the mind to lofty and unusual realms. Decades ago, I was transported in this way by Rudy Rucker's book Infinity and the Mind. Despite much subsequent learning and…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2024-01-17 Steven R. Cranmer

Mathematical reasoning skills are a desired outcome of many introductory physics courses, particularly calculus-based physics courses. Positive and negative quantities are ubiquitous in physics, and the sign carries important and varied…

Physics Education · Physics 2020-04-29 Suzanne White Brahmia , Alexis Olsho , Trevor I. Smith , Andrew Boudreaux

There exist dozens of interpretations of quantum theory, but they do not seem to contribute much to understanding the theory. This paper attempts to clarify some issues that are discussed in those interpretations. The main keywords are:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-28 Michael Drieschner

It is well-known (at least in the education research literature) that primary school students face considerable difficulties in the understanding of negative integers (and numbers), related operations and their visualizations. In the…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2021-06-08 A. Mani

In this paper, we present a comprehensive system for the treatment of the topic of limits--conceptually, computationally, and formally. The system addresses fundamental linguistic flaws in the standard presentation of limits, which attempts…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Frank Swenton

Models of computation operating over the real numbers and computing a larger class of functions compared to the class of general recursive functions invariably introduce a non-finite element of infinite information encoded in an arbitrary…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2010-12-20 Hector Zenil

We reconsider the classical equality 0.999. .. = 1 with the tool of circular words, that is: finite words whose last letter is assumed to be followed by the first one. Such circular words are naturally embedded with algebraic structures…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2022-10-17 Benoît Rittaud , Laurent Vivier

A doubly infinite sum, numerically evaluated at between 0.999 and 1.001, turns out to have a nice value.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 R. Pemantle , C. Schneider

Based on a survey of the literature, we attempt to answer Frequently Asked Questions on issues of cortical uniformity vs. non-uniformity, the neural mechanisms of symbolic variable binding, and other issues highlighted in (Marcus,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2014-11-03 Gary F. Marcus , Adam H. Marblestone , Thomas L. Dean

We develop new aspects of the the of numerosity theory; more exactly, we emphasize its relation with the ordinal numbers, cardinal numbers, hyperreal numbers and surreal numbers. In particular, we combine the notion of numerosity with the…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-11-05 Vieri Benci

Our understanding about things is conceptual. By stating that we reason about objects, it is in fact not the objects but concepts referring to them that we manipulate. Now, so long just as we acknowledge infinitely extending notions such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-04-21 Ryuta Arisaka

The understanding of probability can be difficult for a few young scientists. Consequently, this new mathematical symbol, related to binomial coefficients and simplicial polytopic numbers, could be helpful to science education. Moreover,…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2020-06-05 Claude-Alexandre Simonetti

This is a survey of the diversity of problems in additive number theory. Equity requires the consideration of less currently popular problems, and suggests their inclusion in the additive canon. Of particular interest are problems about the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-04-23 Melvyn B. Nathanson

Primitive recursion, mu-recursion, universal object and universe theories, complexity controlled iteration, code evaluation, soundness, decidability, G\"odel incompleteness theorems, inconsistency provability for set theory, constructive…

Logic · Mathematics 2015-04-14 Michael Pfender

It is widely acknowledged that function symbols are an important feature in answer set programming, as they make modeling easier, increase the expressive power, and allow us to deal with infinite domains. The main issue with their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Marco Calautti , Sergio Greco , Cristian Molinaro , Irina Trubitsyna
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