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We study the problem of maintaining a breadth-first spanning tree and the induced BFS ordering in a directed graph under edge updates. While semi-dynamic algorithms are known, maintaining the spanning tree, level information, and numbering…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Gregory Morse , Tamás Kozsik

Deliberative tree search is a cornerstone of modern Large Language Model (LLM) research, driving the pivot from brute-force scaling toward algorithmic efficiency. This single paradigm unifies two critical frontiers: \textbf{Test-Time…

Recovering a low-rank tensor from incomplete information is a recurring problem in signal processing and machine learning. The most popular convex relaxation of this problem minimizes the sum of the nuclear norms of the unfoldings of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2013-08-16 Cun Mu , Bo Huang , John Wright , Donald Goldfarb

We prove that finding a rooted subtree with at least $k$ leaves in a digraph is a fixed parameter tractable problem. A similar result holds for finding rooted spanning trees with many leaves in digraphs from a wide family $\cal L$ that…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Noga Alon , Fedor Fomin , Gregory Gutin , Michael Krivelevich , Saket Saurabh

Tree balance plays an important role in phylogenetics and other research areas, which is why several indices to measure tree balance have been introduced over the years. Nevertheless, a formal definition of what a balance index actually is…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2023-11-10 Mareike Fischer , Lina Herbst , Sophie Kersting , Luise Kühn , Kristina Wicke

This paper develops a measure for bounding the performance of AND/OR search algorithms for solving a variety of queries over graphical models. We show how drawing a connection to the recent notion of hypertree decompositions allows to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-06-18 Lars Otten , Rina Dechter

In a variety of applications, we need to keep track of the development of a data set over time. For maintaining and querying this multi version data I/O-efficiently, external memory data structures are required. In this paper, we present a…

General Literature · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Saju Jude Dominic , G. Sajith

The dynamic trees problem is to maintain a forest subject to edge insertions and deletions while facilitating queries such as connectivity, path weights, and subtree weights. Dynamic trees are a fundamental building block of a large number…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Umut A. Acar , Daniel Anderson , Guy E. Blelloch , Laxman Dhulipala , Sam Westrick

We introduce dynamic smooth (a.k.a. balanced) compressed quadtrees with worst-case constant time updates in constant dimensions. We distinguish two versions of the problem. First, we show that quadtrees as a space-division data structure…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2018-02-23 Ivor Hoog v. d. , Elena Khramtcova , Maarten Löffler

Trees are fundamental data structure for many areas of computer science and system engineering. In this report, we show how to ensure eventual consistency of optimistically replicated trees. In optimistic replication, the different replicas…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-01-10 Stéphane Martin , Mehdi Ahmed-Nacer , Pascal Urso

In phylogenetics, a central problem is to infer the evolutionary relationships between a set of species $X$; these relationships are often depicted via a phylogenetic tree -- a tree having its leaves univocally labeled by elements of $X$…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-04-12 Julien Baste , Christophe Paul , Ignasi Sau , Celine Scornavacca

A central task in string processing is text indexing, where the goal is to preprocess a text (a string of length $n$) into an efficient index (a data structure) supporting queries about the text. Cole, Gottlieb, and Lewenstein (STOC 2004)…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Tomasz Kociumaka , Jakub Radoszewski

A temporal graph is a graph whose edges appear at certain points in time. These graphs are temporally connected (in class TC) if all vertices can reach each other by temporal paths (traversing the edges in chronological order). Reachability…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Arnaud Casteigts , Timothée Corsini , Nils Morawietz

We present an algorithm for a fault tolerant Depth First Search (DFS) Tree in an undirected graph. This algorithm is drastically simpler than the current state-of-the-art algorithms for this problem, uses optimal space and optimal…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-03-28 Surender Baswana , Shiv Kumar Gupta , Ayush Tulsyan

In this paper we describe a randomized algorithm which returns a maximal spanning forest of an unknown {\em weighted} undirected graph making $O(n)$ $\mathsf{CUT}$ queries in expectation. For weighted graphs, this is optimal due to a result…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Hang Liao , Deeparnab Chakrabarty

Splay trees (Sleator and Tarjan) satisfy the so-called access lemma. Many of the nice properties of splay trees follow from it. What makes self-adjusting binary search trees (BSTs) satisfy the access lemma? After each access, self-adjusting…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-08-20 Parinya Chalermsook , Mayank Goswami , Laszlo Kozma , Kurt Mehlhorn , Thatchaphol Saranurak

Random Indexing (RI) K-tree is the combination of two algorithms for clustering. Many large scale problems exist in document clustering. RI K-tree scales well with large inputs due to its low complexity. It also exhibits features that are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2010-02-02 Christopher M. De Vries , Lance De Vine , Shlomo Geva

We study the statistics of height and balanced height in the binary search tree problem in computer science. The search tree problem is first mapped to a fragmentation problem which is then further mapped to a modified directed polymer…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-07 Satya N. Majumdar , P. L. Krapivsky

We consider the K-satisfiability problem on a regular d-ary rooted tree. For this model, we demonstrate how we can calculate in closed form, the moments of the total number of solutions as a function of d and K, where the average is over…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-30 Supriya Krishnamurthy , Sumedha

Connectivity queries, which check whether vertices belong to the same connected component, are fundamental in graph computations. Sliding window connectivity processes these queries over sliding windows, facilitating real-time streaming…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Chao Zhang , Angela Bonifati , Tamer Özsu