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Shallit and Wang studied deterministic automatic complexity of words. They showed that the automatic Hausdorff dimension $I(\mathbf t)$ of the infinite Thue word satisfies $1/3\le I(\mathbf t)\le 2/3$. We improve that result by showing that…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-03 Kayleigh Hyde , Bjørn Kjos-Hanssen

A non-empty word $w$ is a border of the word $u$ if $\vert w\vert<\vert u\vert$ and $w$ is both a prefix and a suffix of $u$. A word $u$ with the border $w$ is closed if $u$ has exactly two occurrences of $w$. A word $u$ is privileged if…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Josef Rukavicka

We study the structure of the language of binary cube-free words. Namely, we are interested in the cube-free words that cannot be infinitely extended preserving cube-freeness. We show the existence of such words with arbitrarily long finite…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2011-08-19 Elena A. Petrova , Arseny M. Shur

Two $k$-ary Fibonacci recurrences are $a_k(n) = a_k(n-1) + k \cdot a_k(n-2)$ and $b_k(n) = k \cdot b_k(n-1) + b_k(n-2)$. We provide a simple proof that $a_k(n)$ is the number of $k$-regular words over $[n] = \{1,2,\ldots,n\}$ that avoid…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-11 Emily Downing , Elizabeth Hartung , Cody Lucido , Aaron Williams

Entringer, Jackson, and Schatz conjectured in 1974 that every infinite cubefree binary word contains arbitrarily long squares. In this paper we show this conjecture is false: there exist infinite cubefree binary words avoiding all squares…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Narad Rampersad , Jeffrey Shallit , Ming-wei Wang

We define generalized de Bruijn words as those words having a Burrows-Wheeler transform that is a concatenation of permutations of the alphabet. We show that generalized de Bruijn words are in 1-to-1 correspondence with Hamiltonian cycles…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-30 Gabriele Fici , Estéban Gabory

We prove that if a uniformly recurrent infinite word contains as a factor any finite permutation of words from an infinite family, then either this word is periodic, or its complexity (that is, the number of factors) grows faster than…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-10-29 Anna E. Frid

Let $f_W(n)$ be the number of different factors of length $n$ appearing in $W$. A classical result of Morse and Hedlund, stated in 1938, asserts that an infinite word $W$ is ultimately periodic if and only if $f_W(n)\leq n$ for some $n\in…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2026-05-04 M. A. Khrystik

We study the $k$-Bonacci word over the infinite alphabet $\mathbb{N}$. Since the alphabet is infinite, the usual factor complexity is infinite and does not provide any information. We therefore investigate factor occurrence statistics in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-03 Narges Ghareghani , Mehdi Golafshan , Morteza Mohammad-Noori , Pouyeh Sharifani

The additive square problem is a relatively famous open problem in the area of combinatorics on words: Does there exist an infinite word over a finite alphabet, such that no two consecutive blocks of the same length have the same sum? In…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-27 Ingrid Vukusic

A word is \emph{square-free} if it does not contain non-empty factors of the form $XX$. In 1906 Thue proved that there exist arbitrarily long square-free words over $3$-letter alphabet. We consider a new type of square-free words. A…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-15 Jarosław Grytczuk , Hubert Kordulewski , Artur Niewiadomski

We study the properties of the ternary infinite word p = 012102101021012101021012 ... , that is, the fixed point of the map h:0->01, 1->21, 2->0. We determine its factor complexity, critical exponent, and prove that it is 2-balanced. We…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2022-06-07 James Currie , Pascal Ochem , Narad Rampersad , Jeffrey Shallit

A non-empty word $w$ is a \emph{border} of a word $u$ if $\vert w\vert<\vert u\vert$ and $w$ is both a prefix and a suffix of $u$. A word $u$ is \emph{privileged} if $\vert u\vert\leq 1$ or if $u$ has a privileged border $w$ that appears…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-09-13 Josef Rukavicka

We discuss the notion of strongly unbounded type for abelian length categories; this is closely related to the Second Brauer-Thrall Conjecture for artin algebras. A new ingredient is the space of characters in the sense of Crawley-Boevey.

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2013-01-29 Henning Krause

Given a countable set X (usually taken to be the natural numbers or integers), an infinite permutation, \pi, of X is a linear ordering of X. This paper investigates the combinatorial complexity of infinite permutations on the natural…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2011-08-19 Steven Widmer

Let $A_q$ be a $q$-letter alphabet and $w$ be a right infinite word on this alphabet. A subword of $w$ is a block of consecutive letters of $w$. The subword complexity function of $w$ assigns to each positive integer $n$ the number $f_w(n)$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Irina Gheorghiciuc

Letting $w$ denote a finite, nonempty word, let $\text{red}(w)$ denote the word obtained from $w$ by replacing every subword $s$ of $w$ of the form $cc \cdots c$ for a given character $c$ (such that there is no character immediately to the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-22 John M. Campbell , James Currie , Narad Rampersad

We study the relation between the palindromic and factor complexity of infinite words. We show that for uniformly recurrent words one has P(n)+P(n+1) \leq \Delta C(n) + 2, for all n \in N. For a large class of words it is a better estimate…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Peter Baláži , Zuzana Masáková , Edita Pelantová

We show that any polarized abelian variety over a finite field is covered by a Jacobian whose dimension is bounded by an explicit constant. We do this by first proving an effective version of Poonen's Bertini theorem over finite fields,…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2019-07-09 Juliette Bruce , Wanlin Li

Carpi (1993) and Lepisto (1994) proved independently that smooth words are cube-free for the alphabet {1, 2}, but nothing is known on whether for the other 2-letter alphabets, smooth words are k-power-free for some suitable positive integer…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-08-10 Yunbao Huang