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The following work is written in easy language for college level students. It shows how the first digit probabilities of a group of continuous real-valued functions can be calculated. Thus, examples explaining how the probabilities are…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2021-03-15 Irina Pashchenko

This paper explores various distributional aspects of random variables defined as the ratio of two independent positive random variables where one variable has an $\alpha$-stable law, for $0<\alpha<1$, and the other variable has the law…

Probability · Mathematics 2010-10-22 Lancelot F. James

Let $\lambda(n)$ denote the exponent of the multiplicative group modulo $n$. We show that when $q$ is odd, each coprime residue class modulo $q$ is hit equally often by $\lambda(n)$ as $n$ varies. Under the stronger assumption that…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-03-27 Paul Pollack

The Gutenberg-Richter power law distribution of earthquake sizes is one of the most famous example illustrating self-similarity. It is well-known that the Gutenberg-Richter distribution has to be modified for large seismic moments, due to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-12-07 D. Sornette , A. Sornette

Statistical laws describe regular patterns observed in diverse scientific domains, ranging from the magnitude of earthquakes (Gutenberg-Richter law) and metabolic rates in organisms (Kleiber's law), to the frequency distribution of words in…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-02-14 Eduardo G. Altmann

We consider an ergodic process on finitely many states, with positive entropy. Our first main result asserts that the distribution function of the normalized waiting time for the first visit to a small (i.e., over a long block) cylinder set…

Probability · Mathematics 2008-10-27 Tomasz Downarowicz , Yves Lacroix

It is shown that statistical mechanics is applicable to quantum systems with finite numbers of particles, such as complex atoms, atomic clusters, etc., where the residual two-body interaction is sufficiently strong. This interaction mixes…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 V. V. Flambaum , A. A. Gribakina , G. F. Gribakin , I. V. Ponomarev

The special relativity laws emerge as one-parameter (light speed) generalizations of the corresponding laws of classical physics. These generalizations, imposed by the Lorentz transformations, affect both the definition of the various…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-11 G. Kaniadakis

The theory of superstatistics is a generalization of Boltzmann-Gibbs statistical mechanics which admits temperature fluctuations, and generates non-canonical ensembles from the distribution function of these fluctuations. Recently, some…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-04-29 Constanza Farías , Sergio Davis

The textual, big-data literature misses Bentley, OBrien, & Brocks (Bentley et als) message on distributions; it largely examines the first-order effects of how a single, signature distribution can predict population behaviour, neglecting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-19 M. T. Keane , A. Gerow

Currently there is no known efficient formula for primes. Besides that, prime numbers have great importance in e.g., information technology such as public-key cryptography, and their position and possible or impossible functional generation…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2017-09-13 Sandor Kristyan

A new non-parametric statistic is introduced for the characterization of deviations from power laws. It is tested on the distribution of seismic energies given by the Gutenberg-Richter law. Based on the two first statistical log-moments, it…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2007-05-23 V. Pisarenko , D. Sornette , M. Rodkin

In statistical mechanics the zeroth law of thermodynamics is taken as a postulate which, as its name indicates, logically precedes the first and second laws. Treating it as a postulate has consequences for how temperature is introduced into…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-02-11 Kim Sharp

The statistical properties of the fractional part of the random energy of a spectral component of black-body radiation have been analysed in the frame of classical Kolmogorovian probability theory. Besides the integer part of the energy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-14 Sandor Varro

The image of physics is connected with simple "mechanical" deterministic events: that an apple always falls down, that force equals mass times acceleleration. Indeed, applications of such concept to social or historical problems go back two…

Popular Physics · Physics 2011-09-13 Dietrich Stauffer

There are two fair ways to distribute particles in boxes. The first way is to divide the particles equally between the boxes. The second way, which is calculated here, is to score fairly the particles between the boxes. The obtained power…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2009-02-09 Oded Kafri

Kossovsky recently conjectured that the distribution of leading digits of a chain of probability distributions converges to Benford's law as the length of the chain grows. We prove his conjecture in many cases, and provide an interpretation…

Probability · Mathematics 2010-09-15 Dennis Jang , Jung Uk Kang , Alex Kruckman , Jun Kudo , Steven J. Miller

The Gibbs distribution universally characterizes states of thermal equilibrium. In order to extend the Gibbs distribution to non-equilibrium steady states, one must relate the self-information $\mathcal{I}(x) = -\log(P_\text{ss}(x))$ of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-04-04 Nahuel Freitas , Massimiliano Esposito

This paper investigates the combinatorics that gives rise to the Boltzmann probability distribution. Despite being one of the most important distributions in physics and other fields of science, the mathematics of the underlying model of…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-07-09 Bart Jacobs

The problem to express a natural number N as a product of natural numbers without regard to order corresponds to a thermally isolated non-interacting Bose gas in a one-dimensional potential with logarithmic energy eigenvalues. This…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Christoph Weiss , Steffen Page , Martin Holthaus