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In this work we present a publicly verifiable quantum money protocol which assumes close to no quantum computational capabilities. We rely on one-time memories which in turn can be built from quantum conjugate coding and hardware-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Fabrizio Genovese , Lev Stambler

A decentralized online quantum cash system, called qBitcoin, is given. We design the system which has great benefits of quantization in the following sense. Firstly, quantum teleportation technology is used for coin transaction, which…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-09-22 Kazuki Ikeda

Research on quantum technology spans multiple disciplines: physics, computer science, engineering, and mathematics. The objective of this manuscript is to provide an accessible introduction to this emerging field for economists that is…

General Economics · Economics 2021-10-11 Isaiah Hull , Or Sattath , Eleni Diamanti , Göran Wendin

Quantum money is the cryptographic application of the quantum no-cloning theorem. It has recently been instantiated by Montgomery and Sharif (Asiacrypt '24) from class group actions on elliptic curves. In this work, we propose a concrete…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Hyeonhak Kim , Donghoe Heo , Seokhie Hong

Public-key quantum money is a cryptographic proposal for using highly entangled quantum states as currency that is publicly verifiable yet resistant to counterfeiting due to the laws of physics. Despite significant interest, constructing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-24 Prabhanjan Ananth , Zihan Hu , Henry Yuen

Publicly-verifiable quantum money has been a central and challenging goal in quantum cryptography. To this day, no constructions exist based on standard assumptions. In this study, we propose an alternative notion called quantum cheques…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-19 Mohammed Barhoush , Louis Salvail

Cryptography literally means "The art & science of secret writing & sending a message between two parties in such a way that its contents cannot be understood by someone other than the intended recipient". and Quantum word is related with…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2010-07-15 Aditya Goel

Digital payments have replaced physical banknotes in many aspects of our daily lives. Similarly to banknotes, they should be easy to use, unique, tamper-resistant and untraceable, but additionally withstand digital attackers and data…

Public key quantum money can be seen as a version of the quantum no-cloning theorem that holds even when the quantum states can be verified by the adversary. In this work, investigate quantum lightning, a formalization of "collision-free…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-11-16 Mark Zhandry

The concept of quantum tokens dates back alongside quantum cryptography to Stephen Wiesner's seminal work in 1983[1]. Already this initial work proposes society-relevant applications such as secure quantum banknotes, which can be exchanged…

Quantum coin flipping (QCF) is an essential primitive for quantum cryptography. Unconditionally secure strong QCF with an arbitrarily small bias was widely believed to be impossible. But basing on a problem which cannot be solved without…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-25 Guang Ping He

The no-cloning theorem can be used as a basis for quantum money constructions which guarantee unconditionally unforgeable currency. Existing schemes, however, either (i) require long-term quantum memory and quantum communication between the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-22 Dmytro Gavinsky , Dar Gilboa , Siddhartha Jain , Dmitri Maslov , Jarrod R. McClean

A quantum money scheme enables a trusted bank to provide untrusted users with verifiable quantum banknotes that cannot be forged. In this work, we report an experimental demonstration of the preparation and verification of unforgeable…

The seminal idea of quantum money not forgeable due to laws of Quantum Mechanics proposed by Stephen Wiesner, has laid foundations for the Quantum Information Theory in early '70s. Recently, several other schemes for quantum currencies have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-07 Karol Horodecki , Maciej Stankiewicz

Cryptography is an art and science of secure communication. Here the sender and receiver are guaranteed the security through encryption of their data, with the help of a common key. Both the parties should agree on this key prior to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-07-10 Minal Lopes , Nisha Sarwade

Quantum cryptography allows one to distribute a secret key between two remote parties using the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. The well-known established paradigm for the quantum key distribution relies on the actual…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Tae-Gon Noh

The no-cloning theorem asserts that, unlike classical information, quantum information cannot be copied. This seemingly undesirable phenomenon is harnessed in quantum cryptography. Uncloneable cryptography studies settings in which the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-27 Or Sattath

Quantum correlations between two particles show non-classical properties which can be used for providing secure transmission of information. We present a quantum cryptographic system, in which users store particles in quantum memories kept…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 E. Biham , B Huttner , T Mor

We present a new idea for a class of public key quantum money protocols where the bills are joint eigenstates of systems of commuting unitary operators. We show that this system is secure against black box attacks, and propose an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-18 Daniel M. Kane

The no-cloning property of quantum mechanics allows unforgeability of quantum banknotes and credit cards. Quantum credit card protocols involve a bank, a client and a payment terminal, and their practical implementation typically relies on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-28 Mathieu Bozzio , Eleni Diamanti , Frédéric Grosshans