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As companies continue to invest heavily in larger, more accurate and more robust deep learning models, they are exploring approaches to monetize their models while protecting their intellectual property. Model licensing is promising, but…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Huiying Li , Emily Wenger , Shawn Shan , Ben Y. Zhao , Haitao Zheng

Watermarking is a commonly used strategy to protect creators' rights to digital images, videos and audio. Recently, watermarking methods have been extended to deep learning models -- in principle, the watermark should be preserved when an…

Recent progress in large language models enables the creation of realistic machine-generated content. Watermarking is a promising approach to distinguish machine-generated text from human text, embedding statistical signals in the output…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Patrick Chao , Yan Sun , Edgar Dobriban , Hamed Hassani

Digital multimedia watermarking technology was suggested in the last decade to embed copyright information in digital objects such images, audio and video. However, the increasing use of relational database systems in many real-life…

Databases · Computer Science 2013-04-29 Jun Ziang Pinn , A. Fr. Zung

Watermarking of large language models (LLMs) generation embeds an imperceptible statistical pattern within texts, making it algorithmically detectable. Watermarking is a promising method for addressing potential harm and biases from LLMs,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Lingjie Chen , Ruizhong Qiu , Siyu Yuan , Zhining Liu , Tianxin Wei , Hyunsik Yoo , Zhichen Zeng , Deqing Yang , Hanghang Tong

Digital watermarks have been considered a promising way to fight software piracy. Graph-based watermarking schemes encode authorship/ownership data as control-flow graph of dummy code. In 2012, Chroni and Nikolopoulos developed an ingenious…

Visual Prompt Learning (VPL) differs from traditional fine-tuning methods in reducing significant resource consumption by avoiding updating pre-trained model parameters. Instead, it focuses on learning an input perturbation, a visual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Huali Ren , Anli Yan , Chong-zhi Gao , Hongyang Yan , Zhenxin Zhang , Jin Li

For enhancing the protection level of dynamic graph software watermarks and for the purpose of conducting the analysis which evaluates the effect of integrating two software protection techniques such as software watermarking and tamper…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2010-01-13 Malik Sikandar Hayat Khiyal , Aihab Khan , Sehrish Amjad , M. Shahid Khalil

Recent advances in large language models have raised wide concern in generating abundant plausible source code without scrutiny, and thus tracing the provenance of code emerges as a critical issue. To solve the issue, we propose CodeMark, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Wei Li , Borui Yang , Yujie Sun , Suyu Chen , Ziyun Song , Liyao Xiang , Xinbing Wang , Chenghu Zhou

Putting a watermark into digital circuitry has its own set of challenges. Creating a secure watermark in printed matter usually involves including graphics that are difficult to reproduce. In circuitry, including additional circuitry that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-24 James Gil de Lamadrid , Seonho Choi

Digital watermarking has shown its effectiveness in protecting multimedia content. However, existing watermarking is predominantly tailored for specific media types, rendering them less effective for the protection of content displayed on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Xiujian Liang , Gaozhi Liu , Yichao Si , Xiaoxiao Hu , Zhenxing Qian

Text watermarking for large language models (LLMs) enables model owners to verify text origin and protect intellectual property. While watermarking methods for closed-source LLMs are relatively mature, extending them to open-source models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Jiaqi Xue , Yifei Zhao , Mansour Al Ghanim , Shangqian Gao , Ruimin Sun , Qian Lou , Mengxin Zheng

The availability and easy access to digital communication increase the risk of copyrighted material piracy. In order to detect illegal use or distribution of data, digital watermarking has been proposed as a suitable tool. It protects the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-04 Bingyang Wen , Sergul Aydore

Data watermarking in language models injects traceable signals, such as specific token sequences or stylistic patterns, into copyrighted text, allowing copyright holders to track and verify training data ownership. Previous data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xinyue Cui , Johnny Tian-Zheng Wei , Swabha Swayamdipta , Robin Jia

The expansion of the open source community and the rise of large language models have raised ethical and security concerns on the distribution of source code, such as misconduct on copyrighted code, distributions without proper licenses, or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Borui Yang , Wei Li , Liyao Xiang , Bo Li

Quantum computing represents a burgeoning computational paradigm that significantly advances the resolution of contemporary intricate problems across various domains, including cryptography, chemistry, and machine learning. Quantum circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-30 Min Yang , Xiaolong Guo , Lei Jiang

Watermarking is an essential technique for embedding an identifier (i.e., watermark message) within digital images to assert ownership and monitor unauthorized alterations. In face recognition systems, watermarking plays a pivotal role in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Yuguang Yao , Anil Jain , Sijia Liu

Digital watermarking is a technique of information adding or information hiding in order to identify the owner of the data in multimedia content. It seems that a signal or digital image can permanently embed over another digital data…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2013-03-26 Arijit Kumar Pal , Poulami Das , Nilanjan Dey

Watermarking is the process of embedding information into an image that can survive under distortions, while requiring the encoded image to have little or no perceptual difference from the original image. Recently, deep learning-based…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2020-01-15 Xiyang Luo , Ruohan Zhan , Huiwen Chang , Feng Yang , Peyman Milanfar

Watermarking is a technique for hiding of data in a medium coverage so that its presence is not detectable by a human eye and is recoverable only by the authorized recipient. Two of the most important features of watermarked image are…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Saeideh Nabipour , Javad Javidan , Majid Khorrami , Jila Azimzadeh