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Unbiased learning to rank (ULTR) aims to train an unbiased ranking model from biased user click logs. Most of the current ULTR methods are based on the examination hypothesis (EH), which assumes that the click probability can be factorized…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Mouxiang Chen , Chenghao Liu , Zemin Liu , Jianling Sun

Context information in search sessions has proven to be useful for capturing user search intent. Existing studies explored user behavior sequences in sessions in different ways to enhance query suggestion or document ranking. However, a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-25 Yutao Zhu , Jian-Yun Nie , Zhicheng Dou , Zhengyi Ma , Xinyu Zhang , Pan Du , Xiaochen Zuo , Hao Jiang

This study investigates the position bias in information retrieval, where models tend to overemphasize content at the beginning of passages while neglecting semantically relevant information that appears later. To analyze the extent and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Ziyang Zeng , Dun Zhang , Jiacheng Li , Panxiang Zou , Yudong Zhou , Yuqing Yang

Many platforms, such as e-commerce websites, offer both search and recommendation services simultaneously to better meet users' diverse needs. Recommendation services suggest items based on user preferences, while search services allow…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Yuening Wang , Man Chen , Yaochen Hu , Wei Guo , Yingxue Zhang , Huifeng Guo , Yong Liu , Mark Coates

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction tasks typically estimate the probability of a user clicking on a candidate item by modeling both user behavior sequence features and the item's contextual features, where the user behavior sequence is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yi Xu , Chaofan Fan , Moyu Zhang , Jinxin Hu , Jiahao Wang , Hao Zhang , Shizhun Wang , Yu Zhang , Xiaoyi Zeng

People use web search engines to find information before forming opinions, which can lead to practical decisions with different levels of impact. The cognitive effort of search can leave opinionated users vulnerable to cognitive biases,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Z. Wu , T. Draws , F. Cau , F. Barile , A. Rieger , N. Tintarev

The probability that a user will click a search result depends both on its relevance and its position on the results page. The position based model explains this behavior by ascribing to every item an attraction probability, and to every…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-21 Sumeet Katariya , Branislav Kveton , Csaba Szepesvári , Claire Vernade , Zheng Wen

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction, whose goal is to predict the probability of the user to click on an item, has become increasingly significant in the recommender systems. Recently, some deep learning models with the ability to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Tianwei Cao , Qianqian Xu , Zhiyong Yang , Qingming Huang

Asking clarifying questions in response to search queries has been recognized as a useful technique for revealing the underlying intent of the query. Clarification has applications in retrieval systems with different interfaces, from the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Hamed Zamani , Bhaskar Mitra , Everest Chen , Gord Lueck , Fernando Diaz , Paul N. Bennett , Nick Craswell , Susan T. Dumais

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction, whose aim is to predict the probability of whether a user will click on an item, is an essential task for many online applications. Due to the nature of data sparsity and high dimensionality of CTR…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Yichen Xu , Yanqiao Zhu , Feng Yu , Qiang Liu , Shu Wu

Eliminating examination bias accurately is pivotal to apply click-through data to train an unbiased ranking model. However, most examination-bias estimators are limited to the hypothesis of Position-Based Model (PBM), which supposes that…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Xiaoshu Chen , Xiangsheng Li , Kunliang Wei , Bin Hu , Lei Jiang , Zeqian Huang , Zhanhui Kang

In sponsored search it is critical to match ads that are relevant to a query and to accurately predict their likelihood of being clicked. Commercial search engines typically use machine learning models for both query-ad relevance matching…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-03-29 Jelena Gligorijevic , Djordje Gligorijevic , Ivan Stojkovic , Xiao Bai , Amit Goyal , Zoran Obradovic

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction, which aims to estimate the probability that a user will click an item, is an essential component of online advertising. Existing methods mainly attempt to mine user interests from users' historical…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Erxue Min , Yu Rong , Tingyang Xu , Yatao Bian , Peilin Zhao , Junzhou Huang , Da Luo , Kangyi Lin , Sophia Ananiadou

Presentation bias is one of the key challenges when learning from implicit feedback in search engines, as it confounds the relevance signal with uninformative signals due to position in the ranking, saliency, and other presentation factors.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-12 Aman Agarwal , Ivan Zaitsev , Thorsten Joachims

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction models are integral to a myriad of industrial settings, such as personalized search advertising. Current methods typically involve feature extraction from users' historical behavior sequences combined…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Lingwei Kong , Lu Wang , Changping Peng , Zhangang Lin , Ching Law , Jingping Shao

A user faces a list returned by a search system, ordered by a noisy proxy for relevance, and decides sequentially whether to pay a fixed cost to inspect another item or stop with the best she has uncovered. She does not enter the page…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Shichao Ma

Traditionally the probabilistic ranking principle is used to rank the search results while the ranking based on expected profits is used for paid placement of ads. These rankings try to maximize the expected utilities based on the user…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Raju Balakrishnan , Subbarao Kambhampati

Modern web-based platforms show ranked lists of recommendations to users, attempting to maximise user satisfaction or business metrics. Typically, the goal of such systems boils down to maximising the exposure probability for items that are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Olivier Jeunen

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction plays an indispensable role in online platforms. Numerous models have been proposed to capture users' shifting preferences by leveraging user behavior sequences. However, these historical sequences often…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Junjie Huang , Guohao Cai , Jieming Zhu , Zhenhua Dong , Ruiming Tang , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction is a vital task in industrial recommendation systems. Most existing methods focus on the network architecture design of the CTR model for better accuracy and suffer from the data sparsity problem.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Qi Liu , Xuyang Hou , Defu Lian , Zhe Wang , Haoran Jin , Jia Cheng , Jun Lei