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Although it is common for users to select bad passwords that can be easily cracked by attackers, password-based authentication remains the most widely-used method. To encourage users to select good passwords, enterprises often enforce…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-12-21 Cem S. Sahin , Robert Lychev , Neal Wagner

Users often choose passwords that are easy to remember but also easy to guess by attackers. Recent studies have revealed the vulnerability of textual passwords to shoulder surfing and keystroke loggers. It remains a critical challenge in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2014-07-29 Mahdi Nasrullah Al-Ameen , S M Taiabul Haque , Matthew Wright

Since the first Graphical User Interface (GUI) prototype was invented in the 1970s, GUI systems have been deployed into various personal computer systems and server platforms. Recently, with the development of artificial intelligence (AI)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-28 Ning Yu , Zachary Tuttle , Carl Jake Thurnau , Emmanuel Mireku

Passwords are a good idea, in theory. They have the potential to act as a fairly strong gateway. In practice though, passwords are plagued with problems. They are (1) easily shared, (2) trivial to observe and (3) maddeningly elusive when…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-08-25 Joseph Maguire , Karen Renaud

Password users frequently employ passwords that are too simple, or they just reuse passwords for multiple websites. A common complaint is that utilizing secure passwords is too difficult. One possible solution to this problem is to use a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Elan Rosenfeld , Santosh Vempala , Manuel Blum

Recent advances in image generation models (IGMs), particularly diffusion-based architectures such as Stable Diffusion (SD), have markedly enhanced the quality and diversity of AI-generated visual content. However, their generative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Renyang Liu , Guanlin Li , Tianwei Zhang , See-Kiong Ng

Recent advances in generative models have led to their application in password guessing, with the aim of replicating the complexity, structure, and patterns of human-created passwords. Despite their potential, inconsistencies and inadequate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-20 William Corrias , Fabio De Gaspari , Dorjan Hitaj , Luigi V. Mancini

Computer users are generally authenticated by means of a password. Unfortunately passwords are often forgotten and replacement is expensive and inconvenient. Some people write their passwords down but these records can easily be lost or…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2014-08-12 Tony McBryan , Karen Renaud , J. Paul Siebert

We propose and evaluate an authentication scheme that improves usability and user experience issues in the authentication process due to its reliance on people's aesthetic tastes and preferences. The scheme uses aesthetic images to verify…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Noam Tractinsky , Denis Klimov

The security of passwords is dependent on a thorough understanding of the strategies used by attackers. Unfortunately, real-world adversaries use pragmatic guessing tactics like dictionary attacks, which are difficult to simulate in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Fangyi Yu

Passwords remain a widely-used authentication mechanism, despite their well-known security and usability limitations. To improve on this situation, next-generation authentication mechanisms, based on behavioral biometric factors such as eye…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Matin Fallahi , Patricia Arias Cabarcos , Thorsten Strufe

Face recognition algorithms have demonstrated very high recognition performance, suggesting suitability for real world applications. Despite the enhanced accuracies, robustness of these algorithms against attacks and bias has been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-10 Richa Singh , Akshay Agarwal , Maneet Singh , Shruti Nagpal , Mayank Vatsa

Personal devices (e.g. laptops, tablets, and mobile phones) are conventional in daily life and have the ability to store users' private data. The security problems related to these appliances have become a primary concern for both users and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-03-30 Le Ngu Nguyen , Stephan Sigg

Many different approaches for neural network based hash functions have been proposed. Statistical analysis must correlate security of them. This paper proposes novel neural hashing approach for gray scale image authentication. The suggested…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-03-03 Yakup Kutlu , Apdullah Yayık

Given the choice, users produce passwords reflecting common strategies and patterns that ease recall but offer uncertain and often weak security. System-assigned passwords provide measurable security but suffer from poor memorability. To…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2015-03-10 Mahdi Nasrullah Al-Ameen , Matthew Wright , Shannon Scielzo

Risk-based authentication (RBA) is used in online services to protect user accounts from unauthorized takeover. RBA commonly uses contextual features that indicate a suspicious login attempt when the characteristic attributes of the login…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Andre Büttner , Andreas Thue Pedersen , Stephan Wiefling , Nils Gruschka , Luigi Lo Iacono

Computer Use Agents (CUAs), autonomous systems that interact with software interfaces via browsers or virtual machines, are rapidly being deployed in consumer and enterprise environments. These agents introduce novel attack surfaces and…

Many password alternatives for web authentication proposed over the years, despite having different designs and objectives, all predominantly rely on the knowledge of some secret. This motivates us, herein, to provide the first detailed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-02 Furkan Alaca , AbdelRahman Abdou , Paul C. van Oorschot

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a powerful technique for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) with external, up-to-date knowledge. Graph RAG has emerged as an advanced paradigm that leverages graph-based knowledge structures to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jiale Liu , Jiahao Zhang , Suhang Wang

Graphical passwords (GPWs) have been studied over 20 years. We are motivated from QR codes that can be considered GPWs, are successfully applied in today's world. However, one need such GPWs that can be use conveniently and have higher…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Bing Yao , Hui Sun , Hongyu Wang , Jing Su , Jin Xu