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This book provides an introduction to the mathematical analysis of deep learning. It covers fundamental results in approximation theory, optimization theory, and statistical learning theory, which are the three main pillars of deep neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Philipp Petersen , Jakob Zech

These lecture notes focus on some numerical linear algebra algorithms in scientific computing. We assume that students are familiar with elementary linear algebra concepts such as vector spaces, systems of equations, matrices, norms,…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2024-12-31 Davoud Mirzaei

We introduce a linear algebraic object called a bidiagonal triple. A bidiagonal triple consists of three diagonalizable linear transformations on a finite-dimensional vector space, each of which acts in a bidiagonal fashion on the…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2017-06-14 Darren Funk-Neubauer

In fuzzy theory of sets and groups, the use of $\alpha$--levels is a standard to translate problems from the fuzzy to the crisp framework. Using strong $\alpha$--levels, it is possible to establish a one to one correspondence which makes…

Logic · Mathematics 2021-02-08 Josefa M. Garcia , Pascual Jara

A complex intuitionistic fuzzy Lie superalgebra is a generalization of intuitionistic fuzzy Lie super-algebra whose membership function takes values in the unit disk in the complex plane. In [4], we introduced and studied the concepts of…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2022-09-22 Ameer Jaber , Rania Shaqbou'a

Graph theory has successfully used to solve a wide range of problems encountered in diverse fields such as medical sciences, neural networks, control theory, transportation, clustering analysis, expert systems, image capturing, and network…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2018-06-19 Rajkumar Verma , José M. Merigó , Manoj Sahni

In a context of document co-clustering, we define a new similarity measure which iteratively computes similarity while combining fuzzy sets in a three-partite graph. The fuzzy triadic similarity (FT-Sim) model can deal with uncertainty…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2013-12-24 Sonia Alouane-Ksouri , Minyar Sassi-Hidri , Kamel Barkaoui

In this paper, we introduce the notion of fuzzy soft numbers. Here defined fuzzy soft number and four arithmetic operations $ \tilde{+}, \tilde{-}, \tilde{\times}, \tilde{\div} $ and related properties. Also introduce Hausdorff distance,…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2021-12-28 Manash Jyoti Borah , Bipan Hazarika

Over 300 sequences and many unsolved problems and conjectures related to them are presented herein together with theorems corollaries, formulae, examples, mathematical criteria, etc. (about integer sequences, numbers, quotients, residues,…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Florentin Smarandache

In this book the authors introduce the notion of DSm vector spaces of refined labels. They also realize the refined labels as a plane and a n-dimensional space. Further, using these refined labels, several algebraic structures are defined.…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2011-12-05 W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy , Florentin Smarandache

Given a nonempty set $X$ and a function $f:X \rightarrow X$, three fuzzy topological spaces are introduced. Some properties of these spaces and relation among them are studied and discussed.

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2017-02-07 Ismael Akray

Computer vision applications are omnipresent nowadays. The current paper explores the use of fuzzy logic in computer vision, stressing its role in handling uncertainty, noise, and imprecision in image data. Fuzzy logic is able to model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Adilet Yerkin , Ayan Igali , Elnara Kadyrgali , Maksat Shagyrov , Malika Ziyada , Muragul Muratbekova , Pakizar Shamoi

We present an auxiliary space theory that provides a unified framework for analyzing various iterative methods for solving linear systems that may be semidefinite. By interpreting a given iterative method for the original system as an…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-10 Jongho Park , Jinchao Xu

The aim of this research is to apply a novel technique based on the embedding method to solve the n*n fuzzy system of linear equations (FSLEs). By using this method, the strong fuzzy number solutions of FSLEs can be obtained by transforming…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2020-05-26 Nasser Mikaeilvand , Zahra Noeiaghdam , Samad Noeiaghdam , Juan J. Nieto

The novelty of this paper is to construct the explicit combinatorial formula for the number of all distinct fuzzy matrices of finite order, which leads us to invent a new sequence. In order to achieve this new sequence, we analyze the…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2019-10-02 S. R. Kannan , Rajesh Kumar Mohapatra

A new class of fuzzy closed sets, namely fuzzy weakly closed set in a fuzzy topological space is introduced and it is established that this class of fuzzy closed sets lies between fuzzy closed sets and fuzzy generalized closed sets.…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2015-06-11 J. Mahanta , P. K. Das

Following the definition of intuitionistic fuzzy n-norm [ 3 ], we have introduced the definition of intuitionistic fuzzy norm (in short IFN) over a linear space and there after a few results on intuitionistic fuzzy normed linear space and…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2015-03-13 T. K. Samanta , Iqbal H. Jebril

The purpose of this book is to lay out certain aspects of descriptive set theory. After initially establishing notation and generalities we proceed to the following topics: partitions, semirings, rings, $\sigma$-rings, $\delta$-rings,…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-04-09 Garth Warner

We describe a class calculus that is expressive enough to describe and improve its own learning process. It can design and debug programs that satisfy given input/output constraints, based on its ontology of previously learned programs. It…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-11 Daniel J. Buehrer

Closure operators are very useful tools in several areas of classical mathematics and in general category theory. In fuzzy set theory, fuzzy closure operators have been studied by G. Gerla (1966). These works generally define a fuzzy subset…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2016-11-26 Joaquin Luna-Torres
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