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Related papers: A Framework for Quantifying the Degeneracies of Ex…

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With the upcoming launch of space telescopes dedicated to the study of exoplanets, the \textit{Atmospheric Remote-Sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey} (ARIEL) and the \textit{James Webb Space Telescope} (JWST), a new era is opening in…

While conventional interior models for Jupiter and Saturn are based on the simplistic assumption of a solid core surrounded by a homogeneous gaseous envelope, we derive new models with an inhomogeneous distribution of heavy elements, i.e. a…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-03 Jérémy Leconte , Gilles Chabrier

Sub-Neptunes represent the largest exoplanet demographic, yet their bulk compositions remain poorly understood. Recent studies suggested that only very cold planets, such as Uranus and Neptune, could experience stratification of volatiles…

We have investigated the information content in reflected-starlight spectra of exoplanets. We specify our analysis to Barnard's Star b candidate super-Earth, for which we assume a radius 0.6 times that of Neptune, an atmosphere dominated by…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-09-02 Óscar Carrión-González , Antonio García Muñoz , Juan Cabrera , Szilárd Csizmadia , Nuno C. Santos , Heike Rauer

We analyze four super-Earth exoplanets, LHS 1140 b, K2-18 b, TOI-1452 b, and TOI-1468 c, which orbit M-dwarf stars in the habitable zone. Their relative proximity, within 40 parsecs, makes them prime candidates for follow-up observations…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-02 Mangesh Daspute , Amri Wandel , Ravi Kumar Kopparapu , Volker Perdelwitz , Jerusalem Tamirat Teklu , Lev Tal-Or

The recent JWST detections of carbon-bearing molecules in a habitable-zone sub-Neptune have opened a new era in the study of low-mass exoplanets. The sub-Neptune regime spans a wide diversity of planetary interiors and atmospheres not…

The core accretion model for giant planet formation suggests a two layer picture for the initial structure of Jovian planets, with heavy elements in a dense core and a thick H-He envelope. Late planetesimal accretion and core erosion could…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-09-21 Francois Soubiran , Burkhard Militzer

This chapter reviews the most recent advancements on the topic of terrestrial and giant planet interiors, including Solar System and extrasolar objects. Starting from an observed mass-radius diagram for known planets in the Universe, we…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-18 I. Baraffe , G. Chabrier , J. Fortney , C. Sotin

Sub-Neptune planets, with sizes and masses between those of Earth and Neptune, dominate the exoplanet population. Sub-Neptunes are expected to be the most diverse family of the exoplanet population, potentially including rocky gas dwarfs,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-24 Nikku Madhusudhan , Måns Holmberg , Savvas Constantinou , Gregory J. Cooke

Sub-Neptunes occupy an intriguing region of planetary mass-radius space, where theoretical models of interior structure predict that they could be water-rich, where water is in steam and supercritical state. Such planets are expected to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-05 Artyom Aguichine , Natalie Batalha , Jonathan J. Fortney , Nadine Nettelmann , James E. Owen , Eliza M. -R. Kempton

For planets other than Earth, interpretation of the composition and structure depends largely on comparing the mass and radius with the composition expected given their distance from the parent star. The composition implies a mass-radius…

We present detailed structure and evolution calculations for the first transiting extrasolar planets discovered by the space-based CoRoT mission. Comparisons between theoretical and observed radii provide information on the internal…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-13 J. Leconte , I. Baraffe , G. Chabrier , T. Barman , B. Levrard

Sub-Neptune planets are often modeled with a dense rocky or metal-rich interior beneath a thick hydrogen/helium (H/He) atmosphere; though their bulk densities could also be explained by a water-rich interior with a thin H/He atmosphere.…

Rocky planet compositions regulate planetary evolution by affecting core sizes, mantle properties, and melting behaviours. Yet, quantitative treatments of this aspect of exoplanet studies remain generally under-explored. We attempt to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-05-17 Rob J. Spaargaren , Haiyang S. Wang , Stephen J Mojzsis , Maxim D Ballmer , Paul J Tackley

Transit and radial velocity models were applied to archival data in order to examine exoplanet properties, in particular for the recently discovered super-Earth GJ 357b. There is however considerable variation in estimated model parameters…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-12-08 Shi Yuan Ng , Zhou Jiadi , Caglar Puskullu , Timothy Banks , Edwin Budding , Michael D. Rhodes

We perform modeling investigations to aid in understanding the atmospheres and composition of small planets of ~2-4 Earth radii, which are now known to be common in our galaxy. GJ 1214b is a well studied example whose atmospheric…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-16 Jonathan J. Fortney , Christoph Mordasini , Nadine Nettelmann , Eliza M. -R. Kempton , Thomas P. Greene , Kevin Zahnle

The magnetosphere of an exoplanet has yet to be unambiguously detected. Investigations of star-planet interaction and neutral atomic hydrogen absorption during transit to detect magnetic fields in hot Jupiters have been inconclusive, and…

For most planets in the range of radii from 1 to 4 R$_{\oplus}$, water is a major component of the interior composition. At high pressure H${}_{2}$O can be solid, but for larger planets, like Neptune, the temperature can be too high for…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2014-03-20 Li Zeng , Dimitar Sasselov

In the last 15 years, since the discovery of the first low-mass planets beyond the solar system, there has been tremendous progress in understanding the diversity of (super-)Earth and sub-Neptune exoplanets. Especially the influence of the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-10-11 Lena Noack , Caroline Dorn , Philipp Baumeister

An exoplanet's structure and composition are first-order controls of the planet's habitability. We explore which aspects of bulk terrestrial planet composition and interior structure affect the chief observables of an exoplanet: its mass…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-03-16 Cayman T. Unterborn , Evan E. Dismukes , Wendy R. Panero