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Zauner's conjecture asserts that $d^2$ equiangular lines exist in all $d$ complex dimensions. In quantum theory, the $d^2$ lines are dubbed a SIC, as they define a favoured standard informationally complete quantum measurement called a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-03-14 A. J. Scott

We consider the existence in arbitrary finite dimensions d of a POVM comprised of d^2 rank-one operators all of whose operator inner products are equal. Such a set is called a ``symmetric, informationally complete'' POVM (SIC-POVM) and is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-16 Joseph M. Renes , Robin Blume-Kohout , A. J. Scott , Carlton M. Caves

Recent years have seen significant advances in the study of symmetric informationally complete (SIC) quantum measurements, also known as maximal sets of complex equiangular lines. Previously, the published record contained solutions up to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-20 Christopher A. Fuchs , Michael C. Hoang , Blake C. Stacey

The notion of Symmetric Informationally Complete Positive Operator-Valued Measures (SIC-POVMs) arose in physics as a kind of optimal measurement basis for quantum systems. However the question of their existence is equivalent to that of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-03 Gary McConnell

The existence of a set of d^2 pairwise equiangular complex lines (equivalently, a SIC-POVM) in d-dimensional Hilbert space is currently known only for a finite set of dimensions d. We prove that, if there exists a set of real units in a…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-12-18 Gene S. Kopp

We consider real and complex equiangular lines, generated by unit vectors. We show that, for an arbitrary dimension $d$, if there exists a set of $d^2$ equiangular unit vectors in $\mathbb{C}^d$, then there must exist a set of $d^2$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Igor Van Loo , Frédérique Oggier

This paper concerns SIC-POVMs and their relationship to class field theory. SIC-POVMs are generalized quantum measurements (POVMs) described by $d^2$ equiangular complex lines through the origin in $\mathbb{C}^d$. Weyl--Heisenberg SICs are…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-15 Gene S. Kopp , Jeffrey C. Lagarias

Zauner's conjecture concerns the existence of $d^2$ equiangular lines in $\mathbb{C}^d$; such a system of lines is known as a SIC. In this paper, we construct infinitely many new SICs over finite fields. While all previously known SICs…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2025-06-27 Joseph W. Iverson , Dustin G. Mixon

We show that naturally associated to a SIC (symmetric informationally complete positive operator valued measure or SIC-POVM) in dimension d there are a number of higher dimensional structures: specifically a projector and a complex Hadamard…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Marcus Appleby , Ingemar Bengtsson , Steven Flammia , Dardo Goyeneche

Examples of symmetric informationally complete positive operator valued measures (SIC-POVMs) have been constructed in every dimension less than or equal to 67. However, it remains an open question whether they exist in all finite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-02-28 D. M. Appleby , Steven T. Flammia , Christopher A. Fuchs

The existence problem for maximal sets of equiangular lines (or SICs) in complex Hilbert space of dimension $d$ remains largely open. In a previous publication (arXiv:2112.05552) we gave a conjectural algorithm for how to construct a SIC if…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-19 Ingemar Bengtsson , Markus Grassl , Gary McConnell

Recently, several intriguing conjectures have been proposed connecting symmetric informationally complete quantum measurements (SIC POVMs, or SICs) and algebraic number theory. These conjectures relate the SICs and their minimal defining…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-28 Marcus Appleby , Tuan-Yow Chien , Steven Flammia , Shayne Waldron

Algebraic number theory relates SIC-POVMs in dimension $d>3$ to those in dimension $d(d-2)$. We define a SIC in dimension $d(d-2)$ to be aligned to a SIC in dimension $d$ if and only if the squares of the overlap phases in dimension $d$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-01 Marcus Appleby , Ingemar Bengtsson , Irina Dumitru , Steven Flammia

A SIC is a maximal equiangular tight frame in a finite dimensional Hilbert space. Given a SIC in dimension $d$, there is good evidence that there always exists an aligned SIC in dimension $d(d-2)$, having predictable symmetries and smaller…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-25 Ingemar Bengtsson , Basudha Srivastava

Symmetric informationally complete measurements (SICs in short) are highly symmetric structures in the Hilbert space. They possess many nice properties which render them an ideal candidate for fiducial measurements. The symmetry of SICs is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-17 Huangjun Zhu

In complex vector spaces maximal sets of equiangular lines, known as SICs, are related to real quadratic number fields in a dimension dependent way. If the dimension is of the form $n^2+3$ the base field has a fundamental unit of negative…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-29 Ingemar Bengtsson

It's known that if $d^2$ vectors from $d$-dimensional Hilbert space $H$ form a SIC-POVM (SIC for short) then tensor square of those vectors form an equiangular tight frame on the symmetric subspace of $H\otimes H$. We prove that for any SIC…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-17 Vasyl Ostrovskyi , Danylo Yakymenko

A set of vectors of equal norm in $\mathbb{C}^d$ represents equiangular lines if the magnitudes of the inner product of every pair of distinct vectors in the set are equal. The maximum size of such a set is $d^2$, and it is conjectured that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-01-13 Jonathan Jedwab , Amy Wiebe

We introduce a method to determine whether a given generalised quantum measurement is isolated or it belongs to a family of measurements having the same prescribed symmetry. The technique proposed reduces to solving a linear system of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-09 W. Bruzda , D. Goyeneche , K. Życzkowski

Symmetric informationally complete positive operator-valued measures (SIC-POVMs) in finite dimension $d$ are a particularly attractive case of informationally complete POVMs (IC-POVMs), which consist of $d^{2}$ subnormalized projectors with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-09 Meng Cao , Xiantao Deng
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