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The Pythagorean Theorem has been proved in hundreds of ways, yet it inspires fresh insights through geometry and trigonometry. In this paper, we offer a new proof based on three circles that circumscribe the sides of a right triangle.…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-07-08 Luca Nathanael Chang

Each triangle has three exterior or external circles tangential to the three straight lines containing the three sides of the triangle.Among the preliminaries in this paper, is deriving formulas for the radii of the three exterior circles…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2008-04-30 Konstantine Zelator

We compute the fundamental groups of the complements of the family of real conic-line arrangements with up to two conics which are tangent to each other at two points, with an arbitrary number of tangent lines to both conics. All the…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-09-17 Meirav Amram , David Garber , Mina Teicher

Because the problem of Apollonius is generally considered over the reals, it suffers from variance of number: there are at most eight circles simultaneously tangent to a given trio of circles, but some configurations have fewer than eight…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2022-10-25 Stephen McKean

By using pairs of nontrivial rational solutions of congruent number equation $$ C_N:\;\;y^2=x^3-N^2x, $$ constructed are pairs of rational right (Pythagorean) triangles with one common side and the other sides equal to the sum and…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2015-04-20 Mamuka Meskhishvili

This study investigates a generalisation of the Pythagorean theorem to the lengths of conic arcs constructed symmetrically on the sides of a right triangle. It is demonstrated that the theorem remains valid whenever the conic eccentricity…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-11-04 Antonio Alfonso Arcos Álvarez , Emilio González Abril , María-Jesús Vázquez-Gallo

Two triangles are called orthologic if the perpendiculars from the vertices of one of them to the sides of the other are concurrent. In this paper, we explore the concept of orthology from various points of view. Mostly we work in terms of…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2023-12-22 Egor Bakaev , Pavel Kozhevnikov

This article highlights interactions of diverse areas: the Heron formula for the area of a triangle, the Descartes circle equation, and right triangles with integer or rational sides. New and old results are synthesized. We show that every…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Frank Bernhart , H. Lee Price

The aim of this paper is to generalize Apollonius' problem. The problem is to construct a circle that is tangent to three given circles in a plane. We find the maximum possible number of solution circles in the case of more than the three…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2017-05-16 Egor Morozov

A rational triangle is a triangle with sides of rational lengths. In this short note, we prove that there exists a unique pair of a rational right triangle and a rational isosceles triangle which have the same perimeter and the same area.…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-09-27 Yoshinosuke Hirakawa , Hideki Matsumura

It is well-known that pythagorean triples can be represented by points of the unit circle with rational coordinates. These points form an abelian group, and we describe its structure. This structural description yields, almost immediately,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-01-11 Amnon Yekutieli

In this paper we use an elementary approach by using numerical semigroups (specifically, those with two generators) to give a formula for the number of integral points inside a right-angled triangle with rational vertices. This is the basic…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-07-03 Guadalupe Márquez-Campos , Jorge L. Ramírez-Alfonsín , José M. Tornero

In this note we investigate the problem of finding pairs of Pythagorean triangles $(a, b, c), (A, B, C)$, with given catheti ratios $A/a, B/b$. In particular, we prove that there are infinitely many essentially different ("non-similar")…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-07-03 M. Skałba , M. Ulas

We give some new advances in the research of the maximum number of triangles that we may obtain in a simple arrangements of n lines or pseudo-lines.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-05-19 Nicolas Bartholdi , Jérémy Blanc , Sébastien Loisel

Triangles with integer length sides and integer area are known as Heron triangles. Taking rescaling freedom into account, one can apply the same name when all sides and the area are rational numbers. A perfect triangle is a Heron triangle…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-09-20 Andrew N. W. Hone

The dualistic structure of statistical manifolds in information geometry yields eight types of geodesic triangles passing through three given points, the triangle vertices. The interior angles of geodesic triangles can sum up to $\pi$ like…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Frank Nielsen

We study the following question: given a set P of 3d-2 points and an immersed curve G in the real plane R^2, all in general position, how many real rational plane curves of degree d pass through these points and are tangent to this curve.…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2012-08-21 Sergei Lanzat , Michael Polyak

In this note we show that in addition to two integers forming a Pythagorean triple, there also exist two irrational numbers in terms of which this Pythagorean triple can also be obtained. We also put forward a relation between these two…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2013-05-06 Boris Safin

We prove that the Pythagoras number of the ring of integers of the compositum of all real quadratic fields is infinite. The same holds for certain infinite totally real cyclotomic fields. In contrast, we construct infinite degree totally…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-27 Nicolas Daans , Stevan Gajović , Siu Hang Man , Pavlo Yatsyna

A long standing conjecture of Richter and Thomassen states that the total number of intersection points between any $n$ simple closed Jordan curves in the plane, so that any pair of them intersect and no three curves pass through the same…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-12-23 János Pach , Natan Rubin , Gábor Tardos