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Metachronal paddling is a swimming strategy in which an organism oscillates sets of adjacent limbs with a constant phase lag, propagating a metachronal wave through its limbs and propelling it forward. This limb coordination strategy is…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2025-07-28 Alana A. Bailey , Robert D. Guy

Swimming micro-organisms such as flagellated bacteria and sperm cells have fascinating locomotion capabilities. Inspired by their natural motion, there is an ongoing effort to develop artificial robotic nano-swimmers for potential in-body…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-05-31 Jithu Paul , Yizhar Or , Oleg Gendelman

Inviscid computational results are presented on a self-propelled swimmer modeled as a virtual body combined with a two-dimensional hydrofoil pitching intermittently about its leading edge. Lighthill (1971) originally proposed that this…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2018-02-14 Emre Akoz , Keith W. Moored

The spherical alga Volvox swims by means of flagella on thousands of surface somatic cells. This geometry and its large size make it a model organism for studying the fluid dynamics of multicellularity. Remarkably, when two nearby Volvox…

Swimming and flying animals demonstrate remarkable adaptations to diverse flow conditions in their environments. In this study, we aim to advance the fundamental understanding of the interaction between flexible bodies and heterogeneous…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2025-12-16 Abdur Rehman , Daniel Floryan

Microswimmers, and among them aspirant microrobots, generally have to cope with flows where viscous forces are dominant, characterized by a low Reynolds number ($Re$). This implies constraints on the possible sequences of body motion, which…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2017-12-06 A. Djellouli , P. Marmottant , H. Djeridi , C. Quilliet , G. Coupier

Some types of bacteria use rotating helical flagella to swim. The motion of such organisms takes place in the regime of low Reynolds numbers where viscous effects dominate and where the dynamics is governed by hydrodynamic interactions.…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2007-05-23 M. Reichert , H. Stark

Fish gills are one of the most primitive gas/solute exchange organs, having the highest ventilation volume, present in nature. Such performance is attributed to a functional unit of gill - secondary lamella - that can extract oxygen from an…

Biological Physics · Physics 2018-05-22 Prasoon Kumar , Prasanna S Gandhi , Mainak Majumder

Locomotion and transport of microorganisms in fluids is an essential aspect of life. Search for food, orientation toward light, spreading of off-spring, and the formation of colonies are only possible due to locomotion. Swimming at the…

Biological Physics · Physics 2015-05-26 Jens Elgeti , Roland G. Winkler , Gerhard Gompper

We discuss a micro-swimmer model made of three spheres actuated by an internal active time-periodic force, tied by an elastic potential and submitted to hydrodynamic interactions with thermal noise. The dynamical approach we use, replacing…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2023-11-23 R. Ferretta , R. Di Leonardo , A. Puglisi

Some microorganisms, such as spermatozoa, synchronize their flagella when swimming in close proximity. Using a simplified model (two infinite, parallel, two-dimensional waving sheets), we show that phase-locking arises from hydrodynamics…

Biological Physics · Physics 2009-09-15 Gwynn J. Elfring , Eric Lauga

The recent interest in using microorganisms for biofuels is motivation enough to study bioconvection and cell dispersion in tubes subject to imposed flow. To optimize light and nutrient uptake, many microorganisms swim in directions biased…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2010-10-05 O. A. Croze , E. E. Ashraf , M. A. Bees

Swimming organisms can escape their predators by creating and harnessing unsteady flow fields through their body motions. Stochastic optimization and flow simulations have identified escape patterns that are consistent with those observed…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2021-09-29 Ioannis Mandralis , Pascal Weber , Guido Novati , Petros Koumoutsakos

Many microorganisms swim through gels, materials with nonzero zero-frequency elastic shear modulus, such as mucus. Biological gels are typically heterogeneous, containing both a structural scaffold (network) and a fluid solvent. We analyze…

Biological Physics · Physics 2015-05-18 Henry C. Fu , Vivek B. Shenoy , Thomas R. Powers

The accumulation of swimming bacteria near surfaces may lead to biological processes such as biofilm formation and wound infection. Previous experimental observations of Vibrio alginolyticus showed an interesting correlation between the…

Biological Physics · Physics 2023-07-04 Vahid Nourian , Henry Shum

Bead-based micro-swimmers are promising systems for payload delivery on the micro-scale. However, the principles underlying their optimal design are not yet fully understood. Here we study a simple device consisting of three…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2014-03-03 Jayant Pande , Ana-Sunčana Smith

Saving energy and enhancing performance are secular preoccupations shared by both nature and human beings. In animal locomotion, flapping flyers or swimmers rely on the flexibility of their wings or body to passively increase their…

Biological Physics · Physics 2011-08-30 Sophie Ramananarivo , Ramiro Godoy-Diana , Benjamin Thiria

Swimming at a micrometer scale demands particular strategies. Indeed when inertia is negligible as compared to viscous forces (i.e. Reynolds number $Re$ is lower than unity), hydrodynamics equations are reversible in time. To achieve…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2011-02-17 Michaël Garcia , Stefano Berti , Philippe Peyla , Salima Rafaï

A flagellated bacterium navigates fluid environments by rotating its helical flagellar bundle. The wobbling of the bacterial body significantly influences its swimming behavior. To quantify the three underlying motions--precession,…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2026-05-29 Jinglei Hu , Chen Gui , Mingxin Mao , Pu Feng , Yurui Liu , Xiangjun Gong , Gerhard Gompper

Sperm modulate their flagellar symmetry to navigate through complex physico-chemical environments and achieve reproductive function. Yet it remains elusive how sperm swim forwards despite the inherent asymmetry of several components that…

Biological Physics · Physics 2023-07-21 Xiaomeng Ren , Hermes Bloomfield-Gadêlha