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We show how an evolutionary algorithm can successfully be used to evolve a set of difficult to solve symmetric travelling salesman problem instances for two variants of the Lin-Kernighan algorithm. Then we analyse the instances in those…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2007-05-23 J. I. van Hemert

Constant-factor, polynomial-time approximation algorithms are presented for two variations of the traveling salesman problem with time windows. In the first variation, the traveling repairman problem, the goal is to find a tour that visits…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2009-05-28 Greg N. Frederickson , Barry Wittman

We prove that any polynomial-time $\alpha(n)$-approximation algorithm for the $n$-vertex metric asymmetric Traveling Salesperson Problem yields a polynomial-time $O(\alpha(C))$-approximation algorithm for the mixed and windy Capacitated Arc…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-11-14 René van Bevern , Christian Komusiewicz , Manuel Sorge

The $k$-Opt heuristic is a simple improvement heuristic for the Traveling Salesman Problem. It starts with an arbitrary tour and then repeatedly replaces $k$ edges of the tour by $k$ other edges, as long as this yields a shorter tour. We…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Ulrich A. Brodowsky , Stefan Hougardy , Xianghui Zhong

Starting with M(a), an n X n asymmetric cost matrix, Jonker and Volgenannt transformed it into a 2n X 2n symmetric cost matrix, M(s)where M(s) has unusual properties. One such property is that an optimal tour in M(s) yields an optimal tour…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Howard Kleiman

The generalized traveling salesman problem (GTSP) is an extension of the well-known traveling salesman problem. In GTSP, we are given a partition of cities into groups and we are required to find a minimum length tour that includes exactly…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2010-03-30 Gregory Gutin , Daniel Karapetyan

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is among the most famous NP-hard optimization problems. We design for this problem a randomized polynomial-time algorithm that computes a (1+eps)-approximation to the optimal tour, for any fixed eps>0,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-09-09 Yair Bartal , Lee-Ad Gottlieb , Robert Krauthgamer

The 2-Opt heuristic is a simple improvement heuristic for the Traveling Salesman Problem. It starts with an arbitrary tour and then repeatedly replaces two edges of the tour by two other edges, as long as this yields a shorter tour. We will…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Ulrich A. Brodowsky , Stefan Hougardy

In the maximum traveling salesman problem (Max TSP) we are given a complete undirected graph with nonnegative weights on the edges and we wish to compute a traveling salesman tour of maximum weight. We present a fast combinatorial $\frac…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-03-22 Szymon Dudycz , Jan Marcinkowski , Katarzyna Paluch , Bartosz Rybicki

The 2-Opt heuristic is one of the simplest algorithms for finding good solutions to the metric Traveling Salesman Problem. It is the key ingredient to the well-known Lin-Kernighan algorithm and often used in practice. So far, only upper and…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2020-03-16 Stefan Hougardy , Fabian Zaiser , Xianghui Zhong

Many recent approximation algorithms for different variants of the traveling salesman problem (asymmetric TSP, graph TSP, s-t-path TSP) exploit the well-known fact that a solution of the natural linear programming relaxation can be written…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-01-06 Jens Vygen

We describe a $\frac{4}{3}$-approximation algorithm for the traveling salesman problem in which the distances between points are induced by graph-theoretical distances in an unweighted graph. The algorithm is based on finding a minimum cost…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Ali Çivril

In Asymmetric A Priori TSP (with independent activation probabilities) we are given an instance of the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem together with an activation probability for each vertex. The task is to compute a tour that…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Manuel Christalla , Luise Puhlmann , Vera Traub

We consider some generalizations of the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Path problem. Suppose we have an asymmetric metric G = (V,A) with two distinguished nodes s,t. We are also given a positive integer k. The goal is to find k paths of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-12-15 Zachary Friggstad

We present a randomized approximation algorithm for computing traveling salesperson tours in undirected regular graphs. Given an $n$-vertex, $k$-regular graph, the algorithm computes a tour of length at most $\left(1+\frac{7}{\ln…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-06-16 Ashish Chiplunkar , Sundar Vishwanathan

The generalized traveling salesman problem (GTSP) is an extension of the well-known traveling salesman problem. In GTSP, we are given a partition of cities into groups and we are required to find a minimum length tour that includes exactly…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2010-03-30 Gregory Gutin , Daniel Karapetyan

The author would like to propose a simple but yet effective method, convex layers, nearest neighbor and triangle inequality, to approach the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). No computer is needed in this method. This method is designed for…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2012-04-12 Sing Liew

Let the costs $C(i,j)$ for an instance of the Asymmetric Traveling Salesperson Problem (ATSP) be independent copies of a non-negative random variable $C$ from a class of distributions that include the uniform $[0,1]$ distribution and the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Tolson Bell , Alan Frieze

This paper has been merged into 1110.4604.

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-10-31 Hyung-Chan An , David B. Shmoys

We propose a new polynomial-time deterministic algorithm that produces an approximated solution for the traveling salesperson problem. The proposed algorithm ranks cities based on their priorities calculated using a power function of means…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-11-19 Ali Jazayeri , Hiroki Sayama