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Related papers: Giant Planet Formation by Disk Instability: A Comp…

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We study the orbital evolution of the 4 giant planets of our solar system in a gas disk. Our investigation extends the previous works by Masset and Snellgrove (2001) and Morbidelli and Crida (2007, MC07), which focussed on the dynamics of…

Protoplanets can interact with their natal disks and generate gas and dust substructures such as gaps and rings. However, how these planet-induced substructures affect the disk temperature, and how that in turn influences the substructures,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-04 Kan Chen , Paola Pinilla , Mihkel Kama

Transitional disks, protoplanetary disks with deep and wide central gaps, may be the result of planetary sculpting. By comparing numerical planet-opening-gap models with observed gaps, we find systems of 3-6 giant planets are needed in…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-08-03 Ruobing Dong , Rebekah Dawson

It is often argued that gravitational instability of realistic protoplanetary discs is only possible at distances larger than $\sim 50$ au from the central star, requiring high disc masses and accretion rates, and that therefore disc…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-12 Hans Lee , Sergei Nayakshin , Richard A. Booth

Modern studies of the early solar system routinely invoke the possibility of an orbital instability among the giant planets triggered by gravitational interactions between the planets and a massive exterior disk of planetesimals. Previous…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-01-30 Billy Quarles , Nathan Kaib

Characterizing the atmospheric compositions of exoplanets, along with determining properties such as their mass, mean density, and orbital configuration, is thought to be an effective means for differentiating between various formation and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-08 Alan P. Boss

The discovery of protoplanets and circumplanetary disks provides a unique opportunity to characterize planet formation through observations. Massive protoplanets shape the physical and chemical structure of their host circumstellar disk by…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-04-15 Felipe Alarcón , Edwin Bergin

Planet formation may begin much earlier than previously expected, when the protoplanetary disk is still massive and gravitationally unstable. It has been proposed that solid grains can concentrate in the spiral arms of self-gravitating…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-04 Hans Baehr , Ken Rice , Chao-Chin Yang , Cassandra Hall

Super-thermal gas giant planets or their progenitor cores are known to open deep gaps in protoplanetary disks, which stop large, drifting dust particles on their way to the inner disk. The possible separation of the disk into distinct…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-10 Thomas Pfeil , Philip J. Armitage , Yan-Fei Jiang

Context: We studied numerically the formation of giant planet (GP) and brown dwarf (BD) embryos in gravitationally unstable protostellar disks and compared our findings with directly-imaged, wide-orbit (>= 50 AU) companions known to-date.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-15 Eduard I. Vorobyov

Massive disk fragmentation has been suggested to be one of the mechanisms leading to the formation of giant planets. While it has been heavily studied in quiescent hydrodynamic disks, the effect of MHD turbulence arising from the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Sebastien Fromang

The formation and evolution of the circumstellar disk in unmagnetized molecular clouds is investigated using three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations from the prestellar core until the end of the main accretion phase. In collapsing…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-14 Masahiro N. Machida , Shu-ichiro Inutsuka , Tomoaki Matsumoto

This review introduces physical processes in protoplanetary disks relevant to accretion and the initial stages of planet formation. After a brief overview of the observational context, I introduce the elementary theory of disk structure and…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2017-12-04 Philip J. Armitage

We develop a simple model for computing planetary formation based on the core instability model for the gas accretion and the oligarchic growth regime for the accretion of the solid core. In this model several planets can form…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Yamila Miguel , Adrian Brunini

Fragmentation in a gravitationally unstable accretion disk can be an important pathway for forming stellar/planetary companions. To characterize quantitatively the condition for and outcome of fragmentation under realistic thermodynamics,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-10-17 Wenrui Xu , Yan-Fei Jiang , Matthew W. Kunz , James M. Stone

We review the current theoretical understanding how growth from micro-meter sized dust to massive giant planets occurs in disks around young stars. After introducing a number of observational constraints from the solar system, from observed…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2010-12-24 Christoph Mordasini , Hubert Klahr , Yann Alibert , Willy Benz , Kai-Martin Dittkrist

Planet formation encompasses processes that span a remarkable 40 magnitudes in mass, ranging from collisions between micron-sized grains inherited from the ISM to the accretion of gas by giant planets. The planet formation process takes…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-12-18 Chris Ormel

Prevailing $N$-body planet formation models typically start with lunar-mass embryos and show a general trend of rapid migration of massive planetary cores to the inner Solar System in the absence of a migration trap. This setup cannot…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-03-27 Tommy Chi Ho Lau , Man Hoi Lee , Ramon Brasser , Soko Matsumura

We investigate the formation of protoplanetary disks around nine solar mass stars formed in the context of a (40 pc)$^3$ Giant Molecular Cloud model, using RAMSES adaptive-mesh refinement simulations extending over a scale range of about 4…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2017-08-30 Michael Kuffmeier , Troels Haugboelle , Åke Nordlund

In order to investigate mass transport and planet formation by gravitational instabilities (GIs), we have extended our 3-D hydrodynamic simulations of protoplanetary disks from a previous paper. Our goal is to determine the asymptotic…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Annie C. Mejia , Richard H. Durisen , Megan K. Pickett , Kai Cai