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Transversal gates play an important role in the theory of fault-tolerant quantum computation due to their simplicity and robustness to noise. By definition, transversal operators do not couple physical subsystems within the same code block.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Bryan Eastin , Emanuel Knill

We consider the problem of fault-tolerant quantum computation in the presence of slow error diagnostics, either caused by measurement latencies or slow decoding algorithms. Our scheme offers a few improvements over previously existing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-08 Christopher Chamberland , Pavithran Iyer , David Poulin

We present a fault-tolerant universal quantum computing architecture based on a code concatenation of biased-noise qubits and the parity architecture. The parity architecture can be understood as an LDPC code tailored specifically to obtain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Anette Messinger , Valentin Torggler , Berend Klaver , Michael Fellner , Wolfgang Lechner

Correcting errors is a vital but expensive component of fault tolerant quantum computation. Standard fault tolerant protocol assumes the implementation of error correction, via syndrome measurements and possible recovery operations, after…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-08-09 Yaakov S. Weinstein

We report on the fault-tolerant operation of logical qubits on a neutral atom quantum computer, with logical performance surpassing physical performance for multiple circuits including Bell states (12x error reduction), random circuits…

Fault tolerance is a prerequisite for scalable quantum computing. Architectures based on 2D topological codes are effective for near-term implementations of fault tolerance. To obtain high performance with these architectures, we require a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-23 Ben Criger , Imran Ashraf

We propose a family of surface codes with general lattice structures, where the error-tolerances against bit and phase errors can be controlled asymmetrically by changing the underlying lattice geometries. The surface codes on various…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-04 Keisuke Fujii , Yuuki Tokunaga

In this paper we provide a basic introduction of the core ideas and theories surrounding fault-tolerant quantum computation. These concepts underly the theoretical framework of large-scale quantum computation and communications and are the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-08-18 Alexandru Paler , Simon J. Devitt

We construct a fault-tolerant quantum error-correcting protocol based on a qubit encoded in a large spin qudit using a spin-cat code, analogous to the continuous variable cat encoding. With this, we can correct the dominant error sources,…

We present and analyze protocols for fault-tolerant quantum computing using color codes. We present circuit-level schemes for extracting the error syndrome of these codes fault-tolerantly. We further present an integer-program-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-08-31 Andrew J. Landahl , Jonas T. Anderson , Patrick R. Rice

The advancement of information processing into the realm of quantum mechanics promises a transcendence in computational power that will enable problems to be solved which are completely beyond the known abilities of any "classical"…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-03-16 Parsa Bonderson , Sankar Das Sarma , Michael Freedman , Chetan Nayak

We show how to perform scalable fault-tolerant non-Clifford gates in two dimensions by introducing domain walls between the surface code and a non-Abelian topological code whose codespace is stabilized by Clifford operators. We formulate a…

Practical quantum computing will require error rates that are well below what is achievable with physical qubits. Quantum error correction offers a path to algorithmically-relevant error rates by encoding logical qubits within many physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-08 Rajeev Acharya , Igor Aleiner , Richard Allen , Trond I. Andersen , Markus Ansmann , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Abraham Asfaw , Juan Atalaya , Ryan Babbush , Dave Bacon , Joseph C. Bardin , Joao Basso , Andreas Bengtsson , Sergio Boixo , Gina Bortoli , Alexandre Bourassa , Jenna Bovaird , Leon Brill , Michael Broughton , Bob B. Buckley , David A. Buell , Tim Burger , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Yu Chen , Zijun Chen , Ben Chiaro , Josh Cogan , Roberto Collins , Paul Conner , William Courtney , Alexander L. Crook , Ben Curtin , Dripto M. Debroy , Alexander Del Toro Barba , Sean Demura , Andrew Dunsworth , Daniel Eppens , Catherine Erickson , Lara Faoro , Edward Farhi , Reza Fatemi , Leslie Flores Burgos , Ebrahim Forati , Austin G. Fowler , Brooks Foxen , William Giang , Craig Gidney , Dar Gilboa , Marissa Giustina , Alejandro Grajales Dau , Jonathan A. Gross , Steve Habegger , Michael C. Hamilton , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Oscar Higgott , Jeremy Hilton , Markus Hoffmann , Sabrina Hong , Trent Huang , Ashley Huff , William J. Huggins , Lev B. Ioffe , Sergei V. Isakov , Justin Iveland , Evan Jeffrey , Zhang Jiang , Cody Jones , Pavol Juhas , Dvir Kafri , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Julian Kelly , Tanuj Khattar , Mostafa Khezri , Mária Kieferová , Seon Kim , Alexei Kitaev , Paul V. Klimov , Andrey R. Klots , Alexander N. Korotkov , Fedor Kostritsa , John Mark Kreikebaum , David Landhuis , Pavel Laptev , Kim-Ming Lau , Lily Laws , Joonho Lee , Kenny Lee , Brian J. Lester , Alexander Lill , Wayne Liu , Aditya Locharla , Erik Lucero , Fionn D. Malone , Jeffrey Marshall , Orion Martin , Jarrod R. McClean , Trevor Mccourt , Matt McEwen , Anthony Megrant , Bernardo Meurer Costa , Xiao Mi , Kevin C. Miao , Masoud Mohseni , Shirin Montazeri , Alexis Morvan , Emily Mount , Wojciech Mruczkiewicz , Ofer Naaman , Matthew Neeley , Charles Neill , Ani Nersisyan , Hartmut Neven , Michael Newman , Jiun How Ng , Anthony Nguyen , Murray Nguyen , Murphy Yuezhen Niu , Thomas E. O'Brien , Alex Opremcak , John Platt , Andre Petukhov , Rebecca Potter , Leonid P. Pryadko , Chris Quintana , Pedram Roushan , Nicholas C. Rubin , Negar Saei , Daniel Sank , Kannan Sankaragomathi , Kevin J. Satzinger , Henry F. Schurkus , Christopher Schuster , Michael J. Shearn , Aaron Shorter , Vladimir Shvarts , Jindra Skruzny , Vadim Smelyanskiy , W. Clarke Smith , George Sterling , Doug Strain , Marco Szalay , Alfredo Torres , Guifre Vidal , Benjamin Villalonga , Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller , Theodore White , Cheng Xing , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Juhwan Yoo , Grayson Young , Adam Zalcman , Yaxing Zhang , Ningfeng Zhu

The study of holographic bulk-boundary dualities has led to the construction of novel quantum error correcting codes. Although these codes have shed new light on conceptual aspects of these dualities, they have widely been believed to lack…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-15 Matthew Steinberg , Junyu Fan , Jens Eisert , Sebastian Feld , Alexander Jahn , Chunjun Cao

Conventional approaches to fault-tolerant quantum computing realize logical circuits gate-by-gate, synthesizing each gate independently on one or more code blocks. This incurs excess overhead and doesn't leverage common structures in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-02 Zhuangzhuang Chen , Jack Owen Weinberg , Narayanan Rengaswamy

A fault-tolerant quantum computation requires an efficient means to detect and correct errors that accumulate in encoded quantum information. In the context of machine learning, neural networks are a promising new approach to quantum error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-01 P. Baireuther , T. E. O'Brien , B. Tarasinski , C. W. J. Beenakker

We discuss stabilizer quantum-error correction codes implemented in a single multi-level qudit to avoid resource escalation typical of multi-qubit codes. These codes can be customized to the specific physical errors on the qudit,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-16 Matteo Mezzadri , Alessandro Chiesa , Luca Lepori , Stefano Carretta

Topological color codes are widely acknowledged as promising candidates for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Neither a two-dimensional nor a three-dimensional topology, however, can provide a universal gate set $\{$H, T, CNOT$\}$, with the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-26 Friederike Butt , Sascha Heußen , Manuel Rispler , Markus Müller

Over the past decade, research in quantum computing has tended to fall into one of two camps: near-term intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) and fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). Yet, a growing body of work has been investigating how to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-02 Amara Katabarwa , Katerina Gratsea , Athena Caesura , Peter D. Johnson

A remarkable characteristic of quantum computing is the potential for reliable computation despite faulty qubits. This can be achieved through quantum error correction, which is typically implemented by repeatedly applying static syndrome…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Alec Eickbusch , Matt McEwen , Volodymyr Sivak , Alexandre Bourassa , Juan Atalaya , Jahan Claes , Dvir Kafri , Craig Gidney , Christopher W. Warren , Jonathan Gross , Alex Opremcak , Nicholas Zobrist , Kevin C. Miao , Gabrielle Roberts , Kevin J. Satzinger , Andreas Bengtsson , Matthew Neeley , William P. Livingston , Alex Greene , Rajeev Acharya , Laleh Aghababaie Beni , Georg Aigeldinger , Ross Alcaraz , Trond I. Andersen , Markus Ansmann , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Abraham Asfaw , Ryan Babbush , Brian Ballard , Joseph C. Bardin , Alexander Bilmes , Jenna Bovaird , Dylan Bowers , Leon Brill , Michael Broughton , David A. Browne , Brett Buchea , Bob B. Buckley , Tim Burger , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Anthony Cabrera , Juan Campero , Hung-Shen Chang , Ben Chiaro , Liang-Ying Chih , Agnetta Y. Cleland , Josh Cogan , Roberto Collins , Paul Conner , William Courtney , Alexander L. Crook , Ben Curtin , Sayan Das , Alexander Del Toro Barba , Sean Demura , Laura De Lorenzo , Agustin Di Paolo , Paul Donohoe , Ilya K. Drozdov , Andrew Dunsworth , Aviv Moshe Elbag , Mahmoud Elzouka , Catherine Erickson , Vinicius S. Ferreira , Leslie Flores Burgos , Ebrahim Forati , Austin G. Fowler , Brooks Foxen , Suhas Ganjam , Gonzalo Garcia , Robert Gasca , Élie Genois , William Giang , Dar Gilboa , Raja Gosula , Alejandro Grajales Dau , Dietrich Graumann , Tan Ha , Steve Habegger , Michael C. Hamilton , Monica Hansen , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Stephen Heslin , Paula Heu , Oscar Higgott , Reno Hiltermann , Jeremy Hilton , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Ashley Huff , William J. Huggins , Evan Jeffrey , Zhang Jiang , Xiaoxuan Jin , Cody Jones , Chaitali Joshi , Pavol Juhas , Andreas Kabel , Hui Kang , Amir H. Karamlou , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Trupti Khaire , Tanuj Khattar , Mostafa Khezri , Seon Kim , Bryce Kobrin , Alexander N. Korotkov , Fedor Kostritsa , John Mark Kreikebaum , Vladislav D. Kurilovich , David Landhuis , Tiano Lange-Dei , Brandon W. Langley , Kim-Ming Lau , Justin Ledford , Kenny Lee , Brian J. Lester , Loïck Le Guevel , Wing Yan Li , Alexander T. Lill , Aditya Locharla , Erik Lucero , Daniel Lundahl , Aaron Lunt , Sid Madhuk , Ashley Maloney , Salvatore Mandrà , Leigh S. Martin , Orion Martin , Cameron Maxfield , Jarrod R. McClean , Seneca Meeks , Anthony Megrant , Reza Molavi , Sebastian Molina , Shirin Montazeri , Ramis Movassagh , Michael Newman , Anthony Nguyen , Murray Nguyen , Chia-Hung Ni , Logan Oas , Raymond Orosco , Kristoffer Ottosson , Alex Pizzuto , Rebecca Potter , Orion Pritchard , Chris Quintana , Ganesh Ramachandran , Matthew J. Reagor , David M. Rhodes , Eliott Rosenberg , Elizabeth Rossi , Kannan Sankaragomathi , Henry F. Schurkus , Michael J. Shearn , Aaron Shorter , Noah Shutty , Vladimir Shvarts , Spencer Small , W. Clarke Smith , Sofia Springer , George Sterling , Jordan Suchard , Aaron Szasz , Alex Sztein , Douglas Thor , Eifu Tomita , Alfredo Torres , M. Mert Torunbalci , Abeer Vaishnav , Justin Vargas , Sergey Vdovichev , Guifre Vidal , Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller , Steven Waltman , Jonathan Waltz , Shannon X. Wang , Brayden Ware , Travis Weidel , Theodore White , Kristi Wong , Bryan W. K. Woo , Maddy Woodson , Cheng Xing , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Bicheng Ying , Juhwan Yoo , Noureldin Yosri , Grayson Young , Adam Zalcman , Yaxing Zhang , Ningfeng Zhu , Sergio Boixo , Julian Kelly , Vadim Smelyanskiy , Hartmut Neven , Dave Bacon , Zijun Chen , Paul V. Klimov , Pedram Roushan , Charles Neill , Yu Chen , Alexis Morvan
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