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Algebraic data types (ADTs) are a construct classically found in functional programming languages that capture data structures like enumerated types, lists, and trees. In recent years, interest in ADTs has increased. For example, popular…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Amar Shah , Federico Mora , Sanjit A. Seshia

Quantifier-free nonlinear arithmetic (QF_NRA) appears in many applications of satisfiability modulo theories solving (SMT). Accordingly, efficient reasoning for corresponding constraints in SMT theory solvers is highly relevant. We propose…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-04-30 Pascal Fontaine , Mizuhito Ogawa , Thomas Sturm , Xuan Tung Vu

We present a new model-based interpolation procedure for satisfiability modulo theories (SMT). The procedure uses a new mode of interaction with the SMT solver that we call solving modulo a model. This either extends a given partial model…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Dejan Jovanović , Bruno Dutertre

We present a new algorithm for determining the satisfiability of conjunctions of non-linear polynomial constraints over the reals, which can be used as a theory solver for satisfiability modulo theory (SMT) solving for non-linear real…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Erika Ábrahám , James H. Davenport , Matthew England , Gereon Kremer

In this paper we introduce a novel quantifier elimination method for conjunctions of linear real arithmetic constraints. Our algorithm is based on the Fourier-Motzkin variable elimination procedure, but by case splitting we are able to…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Jasper Nalbach , Valentin Promies , Erika Ábrahám , Paul Kobialka

Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers are integral to program analysis techniques like concolic and symbolic execution, where they help assess the satisfiability of logical formulae to explore execution paths of the program under…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Rustam Sadykov , Azat Abdullin , Marat Akhin

To check the satisfiability of (non-linear) real arithmetic formulas, modern satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solving algorithms like NLSAT depend heavily on single cell construction, the task of generalizing a sample point to a…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Valentin Promies , Jasper Nalbach , Erika Ábrahám , Paul Wagner

Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) has significant application in various domains. In this paper, we focus on quantifier-free Satisfiablity Modulo Real Arithmetic, referred to as SMT(RA), including both linear and non-linear real…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Bohan Li , Shaowei Cai

In computational complexity theory, a decision problem is NP-complete when it is both in NP and NP-hard. Although a solution to a NP-complete can be verified quickly, there is no known algorithm to solve it in polynomial time. There exists…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Wenxia Guo , Jin Wang , Majun He , Xiaoqin Ren , Wenhong Tian , Qingxian Wang

We investigate the domain of satisfiable formulas in satisfiability modulo theories (SMT), in particular, automatic generation of a multitude of satisfying assignments to such formulas. Despite the long and successful history of SMT in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Matan Peled , Bat-Chen Rothenberg , Shachar Itzhaky

Several paradigms for declarative problem solving start from a specification in a high-level language, which is then transformed to a low-level language, such as SAT or SMT. Often, this transformation includes a "grounding" step to remove…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Lucas Van Laer , Simon Vandevelde , Joost Vennekens

Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) refers to the problem of deciding the satisfiability of a formula with respect to certain background first order theories. In this paper, we focus on Satisfiablity Modulo Integer Arithmetic, which is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Shaowei Cai , Bohan Li , Xindi Zhang

Boolean satisfiability is a propositional logic problem of interest in multiple fields, e.g., physics, mathematics, and computer science. Beyond a field of research, instances of the SAT problem, as it is known, require efficient solution…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-11-13 S. R. B. Bearden , Y. R. Pei , M. Di Ventra

Machine learning (ML) is ubiquitous in modern life. Since it is being deployed in technologies that affect our privacy and safety, it is often crucial to understand the reasoning behind its decisions, warranting the need for explainable AI.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Alexey Ignatiev , Edward Lam , Peter J. Stuckey , Joao Marques-Silva

We apply Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) and Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers in the context of finding chiral heterotic string models with positive cosmological constant from $\mathbb{Z}_2\times \mathbb{Z}_2$ orbifolds. The power…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-03-17 Alon E. Faraggi , Benjamin Percival , Sven Schewe , Dominik Wojtczak

In the context of product-line engineering and feature models, atomic sets are sets of features that must always be selected together in order for a configuration to be valid. For many analyses and applications, these features may be…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Tobias Heß , Aaron Molt

This paper introduces the 2019 version of \us{}, a novel Constraint Programming framework for floating point verification problems expressed with the SMT language of SMTLIB. SMT solvers decompose their task by delegating to specific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-02 Heytem Zitoun , Claude Michel , Laurent Michel , Michel Rueher

Mathematical optimization is ubiquitous in modern applications. However, in practice, we often need to use nonlinear optimization models, for which the existing optimization tools such as Cplex or Gurobi may not be directly applicable and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Jian Cao , Liyong Lin , Lele Li

We discuss the topic of unsatisfiability proofs in SMT, particularly with reference to quantifier free non-linear real arithmetic. We outline how the methods here do not admit trivial proofs and how past formalisation attempts are not…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Erika Abraham , James H. Davenport , Matthew England , Gereon Kremer

Mathematical optimization is a fundamental tool for decision-making in a wide range of applications. However, in many real-world scenarios, the parameters of the optimization problem are not known a priori and must be predicted from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Senne Berden , Ali İrfan Mahmutoğulları , Dimos Tsouros , Tias Guns