Related papers: Continuous decoupling and freeze-out
The state of art in studying thermodynamic properties of hot and dense nuclear matter is reviewed with the special emphasis on the confinement-deconfinement transition between hadron matter and quark-gluon plasma. The most popular models…
It is shown that the freezeout parameters estimated in the heavy-ion collisions all are well described by a constant value of the entropy density $s$ divided by $T^3$. The value of $s/T^3$ has been taken from the lattice QCD simulations at…
Thermal models have proven to be an useful and simple tool used to make theoretical predictions and data analysis in relativistic and ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions. A new version of these models is presented here, incorporating a…
Thermal models are commonly used to interpret heavy-ion data on particle yields and spectra and to extract the conditions of chemical and thermal freeze-out in heavy-ion collisions. I discuss the usefulness and limitations of such thermal…
In the case of Xe+Sn at 32 MeV/nucleon multifragmentation reaction break-up fragments are built-up from the experimentally detected ones using evaluations of light particle evaporation multiplicities which thus settle fragment internal…
From an analysis of various types of data obtained in relativistic nuclear collisions, the following picture has emerged in thermal and hydrodynamical descriptions: as the fluid expands and cools, particles first undergo a chemical freeze…
The freeze out of the expanding systems, created in relativistic heavy ion collisions, is discussed. We combine Bjorken scenario with earlier developed freeze out equations into a unified model. The important feature of the proposed model…
We discuss the status of thermal model descriptions of particle ratios in central nucleus-nucleus collisions at ultra-relativistic energy. An alternative to the ``Cleymans-Redlich'' interpretation of the freeze-out trajectory is given in…
In this lecture note, we discuss the global properties of nucleus-nucleus collisions. After a brief introduction to heavy-ion collisions, we introduce useful kinematics and then discuss the bulk hadron production in A+A collisions. At the…
A classical dynamical model that treats break-up stochastically is presented for low energy reactions of weakly-bound nuclei. The three-dimensional model allows a consistent calculation of breakup, incomplete and complete fusion cross…
The present knowledge about hadrons produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions is compatible with chemical freeze-out happening when the energy density divided by the particle density reaches the value of 1 GeV. This observation is used…
The deexcitation of the primary hot fragments, produced in the breakup of an excited nuclear source, during their propagation under the influence of their mutual Coulomb repulsion is studied in the framework of a recently developed hybrid…
The behaviour of a di-nuclear system in the regime of strong pairing correlations is studied with the methods of statistical mechanics. It is shown that the thermal averaging is strong enough to assure the application of thermodynamical…
Most hydrodynamical calculations used in heavy-ion physics ignore the effect of freeze-out matter carrying energy and momentum away from the expanding fluid. In a simple one-dimensional model we compare calculated energy density and…
The hadronic freeze-out line is calculated in terms of the net baryon density and the energy density instead of the usual T and mu_B. This analysis makes it apparent that the freeze-out density exhibits a maximum as the collision energy is…
Numerical computations of transport coefficients at low temperatures are presented for shapes typically encountered in nuclear fission. The influence of quantum effects of the nucleonic degrees of freedom is examined, with pair correlations…
In high centre-of-mass energy lepton-nucleon collisions the space-time time resolution of partonic processes can be {\it fine-tuned} within a dynamical range which is unattainable in hadronic collisions. Replacing nucleons by nuclei of…
Freeze-out procedure accepted in the model of 3-fluid dynamics (3FD) is analyzed. This procedure is formulated in terms of drain terms in hydrodynamic equations. Dynamics of the freeze-out is illustrated by 1-dimensional simulations. It is…
In high energy nuclear collisions, most calculations on the early equilibration of the parton plasma showed that the system does not come close to full equilibrium, especially for the fermion components. However, since the system is…
In high energy heavy-ion collisions, the two colliding nuclei pass through each other leaving behind an almost baryon free central rapidity region. Most of the baryons are carried away by the nuclear remnants and are located in the…