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Comparing probability distributions is an indispensable and ubiquitous task in machine learning and statistics. The most common way to compare a pair of Borel probability measures is to compute a metric between them, and by far the most…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-02-01 Yuhang Cai , Lek-Heng Lim

Measuring dependence between random variables is a fundamental problem in Statistics, with applications across diverse fields. While classical measures such as Pearson's correlation have been widely used for over a century, they have…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-08 Marta Catalano , Hugo Lavenant

When studying convergence of measures, an important issue is the choice of probability metric. In this review, we provide a summary and some new results concerning bounds among ten important probability metrics/distances that are used by…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Alison L. Gibbs , Francis Edward Su

The paper introduces scaled Bregman distances of probability distributions which admit non-uniform contributions of observed events. They are introduced in a general form covering not only the distances of discrete and continuous stochastic…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Wolfgang Stummer , Igor Vajda

Weighting methods in causal inference have been widely used to achieve a desirable level of covariate balancing. However, the existing weighting methods have desirable theoretical properties only when a certain model, either the propensity…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-24 Insung Kong , Yuha Park , Joonhyuk Jung , Kwonsang Lee , Yongdai Kim

Distances between probability distributions that take into account the geometry of their sample space,like the Wasserstein or the Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) distances have received a lot of attention in machine learning as they can, for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Gaëtan Hadjeres , Frank Nielsen

We study the properties of a family of distances between functions of a single variable. These distances are examples of integral probability metrics, and have been used previously for comparing probability measures on the line; special…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2024-05-07 William Leeb

This paper is an attempt to set a justification for making use of some dicrepancy indexes, starting from the classical Maximum Likelihood definition, and adapting the corresponding basic principle of inference to situations where…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-02-24 Michel Broniatowski

Most metrics between finite point measures currently used in the literature have the flaw that they do not treat differing total masses in an adequate manner for applications. This paper introduces a new metric $\bar{d}_1$ that combines…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-08-22 Dominic Schuhmacher , Aihua Xia

This paper introduces a comprehensive framework for complex-valued probability measures and explores their novel applications in information theory and statistical analysis. We define a complex probability measure as a phase-modulated…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Siang Cheng , Hejun Xu , Tianxiao Pang

The Wasserstein distance between two probability measures on a metric space is a measure of closeness with applications in statistics, probability, and machine learning. In this work, we consider the fundamental question of how quickly the…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-07-04 Jonathan Weed , Francis Bach

A new family of minimum distance estimators for binary logistic regression models based on $\phi$-divergence measures is introduced. The so called "pseudo minimum phi-divergence estimator"(PM$\phi$E) family is presented as an extension of…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-11-09 Elena Castilla , Nirian Martin , Leandro Pardo

In this paper we study Probability Measures (PM) from a functional point of view: we show that PMs can be considered as functionals (generalized functions) that belong to some functional space endowed with an inner product. This approach…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-04-08 Alberto Muñoz , Gabriel Martos , Javier González

Probability metrics constitute an important tool in probability theory and statistics \cite{DKS91}, \cite{R91}, \cite{Z83} as they are specific metrics on spaces of random variables which, by satisfying an extra condition, concord well with…

Probability · Mathematics 2015-11-19 Ben Berckmoes , Bob Lowen

Representing, comparing, and measuring the distance between probability distributions is a key task in computational statistics and machine learning. The choice of representation and the associated distance determine properties of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-26 Masha Naslidnyk

We establish quantitative comparisons between classical distances for probability distributions belonging to the class of convex probability measures. Distances include total variation distance, Wasserstein distance, Kullback-Leibler…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-12-17 Arnaud Marsiglietti , Puja Pandey

Distances between probability distributions are a key component of many statistical machine learning tasks, from two-sample testing to generative modeling, among others. We introduce a novel distance between measures that compares them…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-09 Arturo Castellanos , Anna Korba , Pavlo Mozharovskyi , Hicham Janati

Measures of discrepancy between probability distributions (statistical distance) are widely used in the fields of artificial intelligence and machine learning. We describe how certain measures of statistical distance can be implemented as…

Accelerator Physics · Physics 2022-12-21 Chad E. Mitchell , Robert D. Ryne , Kilean Hwang

We introduce two new classes of measures of information for statistical experiments which generalise and subsume $\phi$-divergences, integral probability metrics, $\mathfrak{N}$-distances (MMD), and $(f,\Gamma)$ divergences between two or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Robert C. Williamson , Zac Cranko

A common way to quantify the ,,distance'' between measures is via their discrepancy, also known as maximum mean discrepancy (MMD). Discrepancies are related to Sinkhorn divergences $S_\varepsilon$ with appropriate cost functions as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-25 Sebastian Neumayer , Gabriele Steidl