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In dynamic load balancing, we wish to distribute balls into bins in an environment where both balls and bins can be added and removed. We want to minimize the maximum load of any bin but we also want to minimize the number of balls and bins…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Anders Aamand , Jakob Bæk Tejs Knudsen , Mikkel Thorup

Assume that $2n$ balls are thrown independently and uniformly at random into $n$ bins. We consider the unlikely event $E$ that every bin receives at least one ball, showing that $\Pr[E] = \Theta(b^n)$ where $b \approx 0.836$. Note that, due…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-03-04 Stefan Walzer

We prove that hashing $n$ balls into $n$ bins via a random matrix over $\mathbf{F}_2$ yields expected maximum load $O(\log n / \log \log n)$. This matches the expected maximum load of a fully random function and resolves an open question…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Michael Jaber , Vinayak M. Kumar , David Zuckerman

We study the long-term behavior of the two-thinning variant of the classical balls-and-bins model. In this model, an overseer is provided with uniform random allocation of $m$ balls into $n$ bins in an on-line fashion. For each ball, the…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-03-11 Ohad N. Feldheim , Ori Gurel-Gurevich , Jiange Li

Balanced allocation of online balls-into-bins has long been an active area of research for efficient load balancing and hashing applications.There exists a large number of results in this domain for different settings, such as parallel…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-12-30 Sourav Dutta , Souvik Bhattacherjee , Ankur Narang

Designing algorithms for balanced allocation of clients to servers in dynamic settings is a challenging problem for a variety of reasons. Both servers and clients may be added and/or removed from the system periodically, and the main…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-07-28 Vahab Mirrokni , Mikkel Thorup , Morteza Zadimoghaddam

In the standard ball-in-bins experiment, a well-known scheme is to sample $d$ bins independently and uniformly at random and put the ball into the least loaded bin. It can be shown that this scheme yields a maximum load of $\log\log n/\log…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-10-12 Dengwang Tang , Vijay G. Subramanian

We consider an infinite balls-into-bins process with deletions where in each discrete step $t$ a coin is tossed as to whether, with probability $\beta(t) \in (0,1)$, a new ball is allocated using the Greedy[2] strategy (which places the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Petra Berenbrink , Tom Friedetzky , Peter Kling , Lars Nagel

The study of {\em balls-into-bins processes} or {\em occupancy problems} has a long history. These processes can be used to translate realistic problems into mathematical ones in a natural way. In general, the goal of a balls-into-bins…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-05-19 Tugkan Batu , Petra Berenbrink , Colin Cooper

Load balancing is a well-studied problem, with balls-in-bins being the primary framework. The greedy algorithm $\mathsf{Greedy}[d]$ of Azar et al. places each ball by probing $d > 1$ random bins and placing the ball in the least loaded of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-01-24 John Augustine , William K. Moses , Amanda Redlich , Eli Upfal

We study the repeated balls-into-bins process introduced by Becchetti, Clementi, Natale, Pasquale and Posta (2019). This process starts with $m$ balls arbitrarily distributed across $n$ bins. At each round $t=1,2,\ldots$, one ball is…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Dimitrios Los , Thomas Sauerwald

In the balls-into-bins setting, $n$ balls are thrown uniformly at random into $n$ bins. The na\"{i}ve way to generate the final load vector takes $\Theta(n)$ time. However, it is well-known that this load vector has with high probability…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Luc Devroye , Dimitrios Los

In the classical Polya urn problem, one begins with $d$ bins, each containing one ball. Additional balls arrive one at a time, and the probability that an arriving ball is placed in a given bin is proportional to $m^\gamma$, where $m$ is…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-07-01 Jeremy Chen

We study the placement of n balls into n bins where balls and bins are represented as two vector spaces over Z 2 . The placement is done according to a linear transformation between the two vector spaces. We analyze the expected size of a…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-10-11 Martin Babka

We study the problem of identifying correlations in multivariate data, under information constraints: Either on the amount of memory that can be used by the algorithm, or the amount of communication when the data is distributed across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-07 Yuval Dagan , Ohad Shamir

We consider the online bin packing problem under the advice complexity model where the 'online constraint' is relaxed and an algorithm receives partial information about the future requests. We provide tight upper and lower bounds for the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-12-24 Joan Boyar , Shahin Kamali , Kim S. Larsen , Alejandro López-Ortiz

We explore a novel theoretical model for studying the performance of distributed storage management systems where the data-centers have limited capacities (as compared to storage space requested by the users). Prior schemes such as…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-06-19 Ankur Sahai

Suppose that we are to place $m$ balls into $n$ bins sequentially using the $d$-choice paradigm: For each ball we are given a choice of $d$ bins, according to $d$ hash functions $h_1,\dots,h_d$ and we place the ball in the least loaded of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-26 Anders Aamand , Mathias Bæk Tejs Knudsen , Mikkel Thorup

Concentration bounds are given for throwing balls into bins independently according to a distribution $p$. The probability of a $k$-loaded bin after $m$ balls is shown to be controlled on both sides by $\rho_{m,k} := m \|p\|_k / k$. This…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-05-31 Ernst Schulte-Geers , Bo Waggoner

The power of two choices is a classic paradigm for load balancing when assigning $m$ balls to $n$ bins. When placing a ball, we pick two bins according to two hash functions $h_0$ and $h_1$, and place the ball in the least loaded bin.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-01-26 Søren Dahlgaard , Mathias Bæk Tejs Knudsen , Eva Rotenberg , Mikkel Thorup