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The unique fluctuation-dissipation theorem for equilibrium stands in contrast with the wide variety of nonequilibrium linear response formulae. Their most traditional approach is "analytic", which, in the absence of detailed balance,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-01-21 Marco Baiesi , Christian Maes

Predicting how systems respond to external perturbations far from equilibrium remains a fundamental challenge across physics, chemistry, and biology. We present a unified response framework for stochastic Markov dynamics that integrates…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-13 Jiming Zheng , Zhiyue Lu

Using equilibrium fluctuations to understand the response of a physical system to an externally imposed perturbation is the basis for linear response theory, which is widely used to interpret experiments and shed light on microscopic…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-06-24 Jérémie Klinger , Grant M. Rotskoff

Understanding how systems respond to external perturbations is a fundamental challenge in physics, particularly for non-equilibrium and non-stationary processes. The fluctuation-dissipation theorem provides a complete framework for…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-06 Jiming Zheng , Zhiyue Lu

In equilibrium, the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) expresses the response of an observable to a small perturbation by a correlation function of this variable with another one that is conjugate to the perturbation with respect to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2010-10-13 Udo Seifert , Thomas Speck

We consider the general response theory proposed by Ruelle for describing the impact of small perturbations to the non-equilibrium steady states resulting from Axiom A dynamical systems. We show that the causality of the response functions…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2011-10-11 Valerio Lucarini

We continue our study of the linear response of a nonequilibrium system. This Part II concentrates on models of open and driven inertial dynamics but the structure and the interpretation of the result remain unchanged: the response can be…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2010-05-02 Marco Baiesi , Eliran Boksenbojm , Christian Maes , Bram Wynants

Linear response theory asserts that sufficiently small external biases produce currents proportional to the applied force and forms the theoretical foundation of nonequilibrium transport. Here we demonstrate that linear response can break…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2026-03-05 Vinesh Vijayan , Priyadharshini B , Santhoshbalaji M , Mohanasundari M

Fluctuation dissipation theorems connect the linear response of a physical system to a perturbation to the steady-state correlation functions. Until now, most of these theorems have been derived for finite-dimensional systems. However, many…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-08-22 Mohammad Mehboudi , Juan. M. R. Parrondo , Antonio Acin

A resistor-network picture of transitions is appropriate for the study of energy absorption by weakly chaotic or weakly interacting driven systems. Such "sparse" systems reach a novel non-equilibrium steady state (NESS) once coupled to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-03-21 Daniel Hurowitz , Doron Cohen

We develop a unified fluctuation-response theory in the frequency domain for nonequilibrium steady states governed by overdamped Langevin dynamics and Markov jump processes. The relation expresses the power spectrum of general observables…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-07 Euijoon Kwon , Hyun-Myung Chun , Hyunggyu Park , Jae Sung Lee

Maintained by environmental fluxes, biological systems are thermodynamic processes that operate far from equilibrium without detailed-balance dynamics. Yet, they often exhibit well defined nonequilibrium steady states (NESSs). More…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-08-02 P. M. Riechers , J. P. Crutchfield

We establish a unified fluctuation-response relation for Langevin dynamics. By exploiting the common mathematical structures underlying fluctuations and responses of empirical density and current, we derive a unified identity that…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-01-26 Hyun-Myung Chun , Euijoon Kwon , Hyunggyu Park , Jae Sung Lee

Linear response theory lies at the heart of quantum many-body physics because it builds up connections between the dynamical response to an external probe and correlation functions at equilibrium. Here we consider the dynamical response of…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2020-07-08 Lei Pan , Xin Chen , Yu Chen , Hui Zhai

A Response Function Theory and Scattering Theory applicable to the study of physical properties of systems driven arbitrarily away from equilibrium, specialized for dealing with ultrafast processes and in conditions of space resolution…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-10-31 Clóves G. Rodrigues , Áurea R. Vasconcellos , José Galvão Ramos , Roberto Luzzi

A generalized fluctuation-response relation is found for thermal systems driven out of equilibrium. Its derivation is independent of many details of the dynamics, which is only required to be first-order. The result gives a correction to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-07-12 Marco Baiesi , Christian Maes , Bram Wynants

A system driven in the vicinity of its critical point by varying a relevant field in an arbitrary function of time is a generic system that possesses a long relaxation time compared with the driving time scale and thus represents a large…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-10-26 Baoquan Feng , Shuai Yin , Fan Zhong

Systems out of equilibrium, in stationary as well as in nonstationary regimes, display a linear response to energy impulses simply expressed as the sum of two specific temporal correlation functions. There is a natural interpretation of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2010-06-16 Marco Baiesi , Christian Maes , Bram Wynants

In this paper we re-examine the traditional problem of connecting the internal fluctuations of a system to its response to external forcings and extend the classical theory in order to be able to encompass also nonlinear processes. With…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-04 Valerio Lucarini , Matteo Colangeli

In this Article we review some recent progresses in the field of non-equilibrium linear response theory. We show how a generalization of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem can be derived for Markov processes, and discuss the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-07-06 Federico Corberi , Eugenio Lippiello , Marco Zannetti
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