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A tower between two regular languages is a sequence of strings such that all strings on odd positions belong to one of the languages, all strings on even positions belong to the other language, and each string can be embedded into the next…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-07-10 Štěpán Holub , Galina Jirásková , Tomáš Masopust

Starting in the 1970s with the fundamental work of Imre Simon, \emph{scattered factors} (also known as subsequences or scattered subwords) have remained a consistently and heavily studied object. The majority of work on scattered factors…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Duncan Adamson , Pamela Fleischmann , Annika Huch

The avoidability of binary patterns by binary cube-free words is investigated and the exact bound between unavoidable and avoidable patterns is found. All avoidable patterns are shown to be D0L-avoidable. For avoidable patterns, the growth…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-02-20 Robert Mercas , Pascal Ochem , Alexei V. Samsonov , Arseny M. Shur

We review some recent developments in the theory of $W_\infty$. We comment on its relevance to lower-dimensional string theory.

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-22 X. Shen

We establish several results on the word problem for just infinite groups. First, for finitely generated just infinite groups we show that the word problem is uniformly decidable for presentations with recursively enumerable sets of…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-30 Alexey Talambutsa

We investigate the problem of the maximum number of cubic subwords (of the form $www$) in a given word. We also consider square subwords (of the form $ww$). The problem of the maximum number of squares in a word is not well understood.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-05-14 Marcin Kubica , Jakub Radoszewski , Wojciech Rytter , Tomasz Walen

A finite set S of words over the alphabet A is called non-complete if Fact(S*) is different from A*. A word w in A* - Fact(S*) is said to be uncompletable. We present a series of non-complete sets S_k whose minimal uncompletable words have…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2011-04-05 Vladimir V. Gusev , Elena V. Pribavkina

We investigate the variance of the length of the longest common subsequences of two independent random words of size $n$, where the letters of one word are i.i.d. uniformly drawn from $\{\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \cdots, \alpha_m\}$, while the…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-12-27 Christian Houdré , Qingqing Liu

In this article we consider transient random walks on HNN extensions of finitely generated groups. We prove that the rate of escape w.r.t. some generalised word length exists. Moreover, a central limit theorem with respect to the…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-01-01 Lorenz A. Gilch

In combinatorics on words, a word w over an alphabet Sigma is said to avoid a pattern p over an alphabet Delta if there is no factor x of w and no non-erasing morphism h from Delta^* to Sigma^* such that h(p) = x. Bell and Goh have recently…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-07-28 Narad Rampersad

Let $w$ be an infinite word on an alphabet $A$. We denote by $(n_i)_{i \geq 1}$ the increasing sequence (assumed to be infinite) of all lengths of palindrome prefixes of $w$. In this text, we give an explicit construction of all words $w$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-02-13 Stéphane Fischler

In this paper we give a detailed analysis of deterministic and randomized algorithms that enumerate any number of irreducible polynomials of degree $n$ over a finite field and their roots in the extension field in quasilinear where $N=n^2$…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-08-12 Nader H. Bshouty , Nuha Diab , Shada R. Kawar , Robert J. Shahla

This paper examines the completion of an w-ordered sequence of recursive definitions which on the one hand defines an increasing sequence of nested set and on the other redefines successively a numeric variable as the cardinal of the…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2012-01-30 Antonio Leon

Let $S$ be a dense subring of the real numbers. In this paper we prove a polynomial version of Van der Waerden's theorem near zero. In fact, we prove that if $p_1,\ldots,p_m \in \mathbb{Z}[x]$ are polynomials such that $p_i(0) = 0$ and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-13 Ghadir Ghadimi , Mohammad Akbari Tootkaboni

If an infinite non-periodic word is uniformly recurrent or is of bounded repetition, then the limit of its periodicity complexity is infinity. Moreover, there are uniformly recurrent words with the periodicity complexity arbitrarily high at…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-12-18 Štěpán Holub

We study two modifications of the Post Correspondence Problem (PCP), namely 1) the bi-infinite version, where it is asked whether there exists a bi-infinite word such that two given morphisms agree on it, and 2) the conjugate version, where…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Olivier Finkel , Vesa Halava , Tero Harju , Esa Sahla

We compute the exact maximum state complexity for the language consisting of $m$ words of length $N$, and characterize languages achieving the maximum. We also consider a special case, namely languages $C(w)$ consisting of the conjugates of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-12-19 Daniel Gabric , Štěpán Holub , Jeffrey Shallit

In this paper we prove the Random Van der Waerden Theorem: For $q_1 \geq q_2 \geq \dotsb \geq q_r \geq 3 \in \mathbb{N}$ there exist $c,C >0$ such that \[ \lim_{n \to \infty} \mathbb{P}([n]_p \rightarrow (q_1,\dotsc, q_r)) = \begin{cases} 1…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-07-13 Ohad Zohar

A word w is rich if it has |w|+1 many distinct palindromic factors, including the empty word. A word is square-free if it does not have a factor uu, where u is a non-empty word. Pelantov\'a and Starosta (Discrete Math. 313 (2013)) proved…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-03-04 Jetro Vesti

A sequence $S=s_{1}s_{2}..._{n}$ is \emph{nonrepetitive} if no two adjacent blocks of $S$ are identical. In 1906 Thue proved that there exist arbitrarily long nonrepetitive sequences over 3-element set of symbols. We study a generalization…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-04-15 Jarosław Grytczuk , Jakub Kozik , Marcin Witkowski