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We considered a three-strategy game with the characteristics of the prisoner's dilemma and stag hunt games. This game was inspired by recent experimental studies that elucidated the role of individual solutions. People who adopt individual…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-02-11 Hirofumi Takesue

The conflict between individual and collective interests is in the heart of every social dilemmas established by evolutionary game theory. We cannot avoid these conflicts but sometimes we may choose which interaction framework to use as a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-06-09 Attila Szolnoki , Xiaojie Chen

The game interactions among individuals in nature are often uncertain and dynamically evolving, significantly influencing the persistence of cooperation. However, it remains a formidable challenge to effectively characterize these dynamic…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Bin Pi , Minyu Feng , Liang-Jian Deng , Xiaojie Chen , Attila Szolnoki

Matrix games like Prisoner's Dilemma have guided research on social dilemmas for decades. However, they necessarily treat the choice to cooperate or defect as an atomic action. In real-world social dilemmas these choices are temporally…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2017-02-13 Joel Z. Leibo , Vinicius Zambaldi , Marc Lanctot , Janusz Marecki , Thore Graepel

We study the evolutionary robustness of strategies in infinitely repeated prisoners' dilemma games in which players make mistakes with a small probability and are patient. The evolutionary process we consider is given by the replicator…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-08-03 Pedro Dal Bó , Enrique R. Pujals

In this work, we ask for and answer what makes classical temporal-difference reinforcement learning with epsilon-greedy strategies cooperative. Cooperating in social dilemma situations is vital for animals, humans, and machines. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Wolfram Barfuss , Janusz Meylahn

We revisit two evolutionary game theory models, namely the Prisoner and the Snowdrift dilemmas, on top of small-world networks. These dynamics on networked populations (individuals occupying nodes of a graph) are mainly concerning on the…

The Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) deals with the cooperation/defection conflict between two agents. The agents are represented by a cell of $L \times L$ square lattice. The agents are initially randomly distributed according to a certain…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Ricardo Oliveira dos Santos Soares , Alexandre Souto Martinez

In many cases the Nash equilibria are not predictive of the experimental players' behaviour. For some games of Game Theory it is proposed here a method to estimate the probabilities with which the different options will be actually chosen…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-04-10 Cesco Reale

It is increasingly important that LLM agents interact effectively and safely with other goal-pursuing agents, yet, recent works report the opposite trend: LLMs with stronger reasoning capabilities behave _less_ cooperatively in mixed-motive…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Emanuel Tewolde , Xiao Zhang , David Guzman Piedrahita , Vincent Conitzer , Zhijing Jin

A cooperative player invests effort into a common venture without knowing the partner's intention in advance. But this strategy can be implemented in various ways when a player is involved in different games simultaneously. Interestingly,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-07-14 Hsuan-Wei Lee , Colin Cleveland , Attila Szolnoki

Whether or not to change strategy depends not only on the personal success of each individual, but also on the success of others. Using this as motivation, we study the evolution of cooperation in games that describe social dilemmas, where…

Physics and Society · Physics 2012-08-21 Attila Szolnoki , Zhen Wang , Matjaz Perc

Reciprocity is an important feature of human social interaction and underpins our cooperative nature. What is more, simple forms of reciprocity have proved remarkably resilient in matrix game social dilemmas. Most famously, the tit-for-tat…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-03-20 Tom Eccles , Edward Hughes , János Kramár , Steven Wheelwright , Joel Z. Leibo

The evolutionary Prisoner's Dilemma Game (PDG) and the Snowdrift Game (SG) with preferential learning mechanism are studied in the Barab\'asi-Albert network. Simulation results demonstrate that the preferential learning of individuals…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-09-29 Jie Ren , Wen-Xu Wang , Gang Yan , Bing-Hong Wang

Networks determine our social circles and the way we cooperate with others. We know that topological features like hubs and degree assortativity affect cooperation, and we know that cooperation is favoured if the benefit of the altruistic…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-10-04 A. Zhuk , I. Sendiña-Nadal , I. Leyva , D. Musatov , A. M. Raigorodskii , M. Perc , S. Boccaletti

Mutual relationships, such as cooperation and exploitation, are the basis of human and other biological societies. The foundations of these relationships are rooted in the decision making of individuals, and whether they choose to be…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-29 Yuma Fujimoto , Kunihiko Kaneko

The Prisoner's Dilemma has been a subject of extensive research due to its importance in understanding the ever-present tension between individual self-interest and social benefit. A strictly dominant strategy in a Prisoner's Dilemma…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-05-17 John J. Nay , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik

We consider a network of coupled agents playing the Prisoner's Dilemma game, in which players are allowed to pick a strategy in the interval [0,1], with 0 corresponding to defection, 1 to cooperation, and intermediate values representing…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2015-05-28 Francesco Sorrentino , Nicholas Mecholsky

The prisoner's dilemma has long been considered the paradigm for studying the emergence of cooperation among selfish individuals. Because of its importance, it has been studied through computer experiments as well as in the laboratory and…

chao-dyn · Physics 2009-10-22 Bernardo A. Huberman , Natalie S. Glance

Cooperation often depends on individuals avoiding exploitation and interacting preferentially with other cooperators. We explore how context-dependent migration influences the evolution of cooperation in spatially structured populations.…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-03 Dhaker Kroumi