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The Crab nebula is a prominent pulsar wind nebula (PWN) detected in multiband observations ranging from radio to very high-energy (VHE) $\gamma$-rays. Recently, $\gamma$-rays with energies above $1 \mathrm{PeV}$ had been detected by the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-01-05 Lu Wen , Ke-Yao Wu , Huan Yu , Jun Fang

Gamma-ray emission from the Crab Nebula has been recently shown to be unsteady. In this paper, we study the flux and spectral variability of the Crab above 100 MeV on different timescales ranging from days to weeks. In addition to the four…

The Crab nebula is one of the most studied cosmic particle accelerators, shining brightly across the entire electromagnetic spectrum up to very high-energy gamma rays. It is known from radio to gamma-ray observations that the nebula is…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-09-24 H. E. S. S. Collaboration , H. Abdalla , F. Aharonian , F. Ait Benkhali , E. O. Angüner , M. Arakawa , C. Arcaro , C. Arm , M. Backes , M. Barnard , Y. Becherini , J. Becker Tjus , D. Berge , K. Bernlöhr , R. Blackwell , M. Böttcher , C. Boisson , J. Bolmont , S. Bonnefoy , P. Bordas , J. Bregeon , F. Brun , P. Brun , M. Bryan , M. Büchele , T. Bulik , T. Bylund , M. Capasso , S. Caroff , A. Carosi , S. Casanova , M. Cerruti , N. Chakraborty , T. Ch , S. Ch , R. C. G. Chaves , A. Chen , S. Colafrancesco , B. Condon , I. D. Davids , C. Deil , J. Devin , P. deWilt , L. Dirson , A. Djannati-Ataï , A. Dmytriiev , A. Donath , V. Doroshenko , L. O'C. Drury , J. Dyks , K. Egberts , G. Emery , J. -P. Ernenwein , S. Eschbach , S. Fegan , A. Fiasson , G. Fontaine , S. Funk , M. Füßling , S. Gabici , Y. A. Gallant , F. Gaté , G. Giavitto , D. Glawion , J. F. Glicenstein , D. Gottschall , M. -H. Grondin , J. Hahn , M. Haupt , G. Heinzelmann , G. Henri , G. Hermann , J. A. Hinton , W. Hofmann , C. Hoischen , T. L. Holch , M. Holler , D. Horns , D. Huber , H. Iwasaki , A. Jacholkowska , M. Jamrozy , D. Jankowsky , F. Jankowsky , L. Jouvin , I. Jung-Richardt , M. A. Kastendieck , K. Katarzyński , M. Katsuragawa , U. Katz , D. Khangulyan , B. Khélifi , J. King , S. Klepser , W. Kluźniak , Nu. Komin , K. Kosack , M. Kraus , G. Lamanna , J. Lau , J. Lefaucheur , A. Lemière , M. Lemoine-Goumard , J. -P. Lenain , E. Leser , T. Lohse , R. López-Coto , I. Lypova , D. Malyshev , V. Mar , A. Marcowith , C. Mariaud , G. Martí-Devesa , R. Marx , G. Maurin , P. J. Meintjes , A. M. W. Mitchell , R. Moderski , M. Mohamed , L. Mohrmann , C. Moore , E. Moulin , T. Murach , S. Nakashima , M. de Naurois , H. Ndiyavala , F. Niederwanger , J. Niemiec , L. Oakes , P. O'Brien , H. Odaka , S. Ohm , M. Ostrowski , I. Oya , M. Panter , R. D. Parsons , C. Perennes , P. -O. Petrucci , B. Peyaud , Q. Piel , S. Pita , V. Poireau , A. Priyana Noel , D. A. Prokhorov , H. Prokoph , G. Pühlhofer , M. Punch , A. Quirrenbach , S. Raab , R. Rauth , A. Reimer , O. Reimer , M. Renaud , F. Rieger , L. Rinchiuso , C. Romoli , G. Rowell , B. Rudak , E. Ruiz-Velasco , V. Sahakian , S. Saito , D. A. Sanchez , A. Santangelo , M. Sasaki , R. Schlickeiser , F. Schüssler , A. Schulz , H. Schutte , U. Schwanke , S. Schwemmer , M. Seglar-Arroyo , M. Senniappan , A. S. Seyffert , N. Shafi , I. Shilon , K. Shiningayamwe , R. Simoni , A. Sinha , H. Sol , A. Specovius , M. Spir-Jacob , Ł. Stawarz , R. Steenkamp , C. Stegmann , C. Steppa , T. Takahashi , J. -P. Tavernet , T. Tavernier , A. M. Taylor , R. Terrier , D. Tiziani , M. Tluczykont , C. Trichard , M. Tsirou , N. Tsuji , R. Tuffs , Y. Uchiyama , D. J. van der Walt , C. van Eldik , C. van Rensburg , B. van Soelen , G. Vasileiadis , J. Veh , C. Venter , P. Vincent , J. Vink , F. Voisin , H. J. Völk , T. Vuillaume , Z. Wadiasingh , S. J. Wagner , R. M. Wagner , R. White , A. Wierzcholska , R. Yang , H. Yoneda , D. Zaborov , M. Zacharias , R. Zanin , A. A. Zdziarski , A. Zech , A. Ziegler , J. Zorn , N. Żywucka

What sort of supernova gave rise to the Crab Nebula? There are several indications that the Crab arose from a sub-energetic explosion of an 8-10 Msun star, this appears to conflict with the high luminosity indicated by historical…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-15 Nathan Smith

Multi-band emission from radio to ultra-high energy gamma-rays in the Crab Nebula has been detected. To explain the observed results, non-thermal photon production \textbf{in} the Crab Nebula is carefully studied in a spatially dependent…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-02-16 Qi-Yong Peng , Bi-Wen Bao , Fang-Wu Lu , Li Zhang

The Crab nebula and its pulsar (referred to together as "Crab") have historically played a central role in astrophysics. True to their legacy, several unique discoveries have been made recently. The Crab was found to emit gamma-ray…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2014-06-16 Rolf Buehler , Roger Blandford

We discuss the recent detection of pulsed gamma-ray emission from the Crab Pulsar above 100 GeV with the VERITAS array of atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. Gamma-ray emission at theses energies is not expected in present pulsar models. We…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 Andrew McCann

We study particle acceleration at the termination shock of a striped pulsar wind by integrating trajectories in a prescribed model of the magnetic field and flow pattern. Drift motion on the shock surface maintains either electrons or…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-08-08 Gwenael Giacinti , John G. Kirk

We have searched the region surrounding the Crab Nebula for the existence of a shock wave with the imaging instruments of the Einstein Observatory. The search is complicated by the scattering of nebula and pulsar X-rays from the imperfectly…

Astrophysics · Physics 2014-10-13 C. W. Mauche , P. Gorenstein

First results concerning the performance characteristics of the HEGRA IACT array are given, based on stereoscopic observations of the Crab Nebula with four telescopes. The system provides a gamma-ray energy threshold around 0.5 TeV. The…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 HEGRA Collaboration , A. Daum et al

We report on a bright flare in the Crab Nebula detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The period of significantly increased luminosity occurred in 2013 March and lasted for approximately 2…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2013-09-13 M. Mayer , R. Buehler , E. Hays , M. Dutka , C. C. Cheung , M. S. Dutka , J. E. Grove , M. Kerr , R. Ojha

Significant flares of GeV $\gamma$-ray emission from the Crab Nebula have been found by AGILE and Fermi-LAT years ago, indicating that extreme particle acceleration and radiation occurs in young pulsar wind nebulae. To enlarge the flare…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-02-24 Xiaoyuan Huang , Qiang Yuan , Yi-Zhong Fan

Long-term measurements have been carried out of the Crab Nebula radio emission flux density relative to Orion A at 927 MHz and relative to Cygnus A and Virgo A at 151.5 MHz. As a result the mean rates have been found of the secular change…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 E. N. Vinyajkin

We present extensive proper motion measurements of the Crab Nebula made from Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope MegaPrime/MegaCam images taken in 2007, 2016, and 2019. A total of 19974 proper motion vectors with uncertainty…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-10-29 T. Martin , D. Milisavljevic , T. Temim , S. Mandal , P. Duffell , L. Drissen , Z. Ding

The INTEGRAL satellite explored the gamma-ray sky since its launch on October 17, 2002, and until the end of its scientific operation on February 28, 2025. A large fraction of the available data is still largely untouched, due to the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-03-18 Tristan Bouchet , Philippe Laurent , Floriane Cangemi , Jérôme Rodriguez

We use 73 h of stereoscopic data taken with the MAGIC telescopes to investigate the very high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission of the Crab pulsar. Our data show a highly significant pulsed signal in the energy range from 50 to 400 GeV in…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2012-08-08 MAGIC Collaboration , J. Aleksić , E. A. Alvarez , L. A. Antonelli , P. Antoranz , M. Asensio , M. Backes , J. A. Barrio , D. Bastieri , J. Becerra González , W. Bednarek , A. Berdyugin , K. Berger , E. Bernardini , A. Biland , O. Blanch , R. K. Bock , A. Boller , G. Bonnoli , D. Borla Tridon , I. Braun , T. Bretz , A. Cañellas , E. Carmona , A. Carosi , P. Colin , E. Colombo , J. L. Contreras , J. Cortina , L. Cossio , S. Covino , F. Dazzi , A. De Angelis , G. De Caneva , E. De Cea del Pozo , B. De Lotto , C. Delgado Mendez , A. Diago Ortega , M. Doert , A. Domínguez , D. Dominis Prester , D. Dorner , M. Doro , D. Eisenacher , D. Elsaesser , D. Ferenc , M. V. Fonseca , L. Font , C. Fruck , R. J. García López , M. Garczarczyk , D. Garrido , G. Giavitto , N. Godinović , D. Hadasch , D. Häfner , A. Herrero , D. Hildebrand , D. Höhne-Mönch , J. Hose , D. Hrupec , T. Jogler , H. Kellermann , S. Klepser , T. Krähenbühl , J. Krause , J. Kushida , A. La Barbera , D. Lelas , E. Leonardo , N. Lewandowska , E. Lindfors , S. Lombardi , M. López , A. López-Oramas , E. Lorenz , M. Makariev , G. Maneva , N. Mankuzhiyil , K. Mannheim , L. Maraschi , M. Mariotti , M. Martínez , D. Mazin , M. Meucci , J. M. Miranda , R. Mirzoyan , J. Moldón , A. Moralejo , P. Munar-Adrover , A. Niedzwiecki , D. Nieto , K. Nilsson , N. Nowak , R. Orito , D. Paneque , R. Paoletti , S. Pardo , J. M. Paredes , S. Partini , M. A. Perez-Torres , M. Persic , L. Peruzzo , M. Pilia , J. Pochon , F. Prada , P. G. Prada Moroni , E. Prandini , I. Puerto Gimenez , I. Puljak , I. Reichardt , R. Reinthal , W. Rhode , M. Ribó , J. Rico , S. Rügamer , A. Saggion , K. Saito , T. Y. Saito , M. Salvati , K. Satalecka , V. Scalzotto , V. Scapin , C. Schultz , T. Schweizer , M. Shayduk , S. N. Shore , A. Sillanpää , J. Sitarek , I. Snidaric , D. Sobczynska , F. Spanier , S. Spiro , V. Stamatescu , A. Stamerra , B. Steinke , J. Storz , N. Strah , T. Surić , L. Takalo , H. Takami , F. Tavecchio , P. Temnikov , T. Terzić , D. Tescaro , M. Teshima , O. Tibolla , D. F. Torres , A. Treves , M. Uellenbeck , H. Vankov , P. Vogler , R. M. Wagner , Q. Weitzel , V. Zabalza , F. Zandanel , R. Zanin , K. Hirotani

We present a detailed analysis of the morphological properties of the Crab Nebula across the electromagnetic spectrum based on new and previous high-quality data from radio to X-rays. In the radio range we obtained an image of the entire…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-05-24 G. Dubner , G. Castelletti , O. Kargaltsev , G. G. Pavlov , M. Bietenholz , A. Talavera

We report on a study of the gamma-ray continuum emission from the Crab supernova nebula and on a search for nuclear de-excitation gamma-ray lines. Crab is the brightest continuum source in the 1-10 MeV gamma-ray sky, and its continuum…

We present results from daily monitoring of gamma rays in the energy range $\sim0.5$ to $\sim100$ TeV with the first 17 months of data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory. Its wide field of view of 2 steradians and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-06-14 A. U. Abeysekara , A. Albert , R. Alfaro , C. Alvarez , J. D. Álvarez , R. Arceo , J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez , D. Avila Rojas , H. A. Ayala Solares , A. S. Barber , N. Bautista-Elivar , J. Becerra Gonzalez , A. Becerril , E. Belmont-Moreno , S. Y. BenZvi , A. Bernal , J. Braun , C. Brisbois , K. S. Caballero-Mora , T. Capistrán , A. Carramiñana , S. Casanova , M. Castillo , U. Cotti , J. Cotzomi , S. Coutiño de León , C. De León , E. De la Fuente , R. Diaz Hernandez , B. L. Dingus , M. A. DuVernois , J. C. Díaz-Vélez , R. W. Ellsworth , K. Engel , D. W. Fiorino , N. Fraija , J. A. García-González , F. Garfias , M. Gerhardt , A. González Muñoz , M. M. González , J. A. Goodman , Z. Hampel-Arias , J. P. Harding , S. Hernandez , A. Hernandez-Almada , B. Hona , C. M. Hui , P. Hüntemeyer , A. Iriarte , A. Jardin-Blicq , V. Joshi , S. Kaufmann , D. Kieda , A. Lara , R. J. Lauer , W. H. Lee , D. Lennarz , H. León Vargas , J. T. Linnemann , A. L. Longinotti , G. Luis Raya , R. Luna-García , R. López-Coto , K. Malone , S. S. Marinelli , O. Martinez , I. Martinez-Castellanos , J. Martínez-Castro , J. A. Matthews , P. Miranda-Romagnoli , E. Moreno , M. Mostafá , L. Nellen , M. Newbold , M. U. Nisa , R. Noriega-Papaqui , J. Pretz , E. G. Pérez-Pérez , Z. Ren , C. D. Rho , C. Rivière , D. Rosa-González , M. Rosenberg , E. Ruiz-Velasco , F. Salesa Greus , A. Sandoval , M. Schneider , H. Schoorlemmer , G. Sinnis , A. J. Smith , R. W. Springer , P. Surajbali , I. Taboada , O. Tibolla , K. Tollefson , I. Torres , T. N. Ukwatta , G. Vianello , T. Weisgarber , S. Westerhoff , I. G. Wisher , J. Wood , T. Yapici , P. W. Younk , A. Zepeda , H. Zhou

HAWC has developed new energy algorithms using an artificial neural network for event-by-event reconstruction of Very High Energy (VHE) primary gamma ray energies. Unlike previous estimation methods for HAWC photons, these estimate photon…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-09-02 J. T. Linnemann , J. P. Harding , J. Lundeen , S. Marinelli , H. Martínez-Huerta