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It is demonstrated that for the entanglement-based version of the Bennett-Brassard (BB84) quantum key distribution protocol, Alice and Bob share provable entanglement if and only if the estimated qubit error rate is below 25% or above 75%.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Georgios M. Nikolopoulos , Gernot Alber

The de Finetti representation theorem for continuous variable quantum system is first developed to approximate an N-partite continuous variable quantum state with a convex combination of independent and identical subsystems, which requires…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-28 Murphy Yuezhen Niu

A symmetric device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD) protocol is proposed in this paper, with Holevo limit and subadditivity of von Neumann entropy, one can bound Eve's ability with collective attack. Together with symmetry of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-21 Yong-gang Tan

The security of measurement device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI QKD) relies on a thorough characterization of one's optical source output, especially any noise in the state preparation process. Here, we provide an extension of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-04 J. Eli Bourassa , Ignatius William Primaatmaja , Charles Ci Wen Lim , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Information-theoretical security of quantum key distribution (QKD) has been convincingly proven in recent years and remarkable experiments have shown the potential of QKD for real world applications. Due to its unique capability of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-26 Marco Lucamarini , James F. Dynes , Bernd Fröhlich , Zhiliang Yuan , Andrew J. Shields

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows Alice and Bob to share a secret key over an insecure channel with proven information-theoretic security against an adversary whose strategy is bounded only by the laws of physics. Composability-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Kunal Dey , Reihaneh Safavi-Naini

Security proofs of quantum key distribution (QKD) typically assume that the devices of the legitimate users are perfectly shielded from the eavesdropper. This assumption is, however, very hard to meet in practice, and thus the security of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-05 Weilong Wang , Kiyoshi Tamaki , Marcos Curty

In recent years, quantum key distribution (QKD) has evolved from a scientific research field to a commercially available security solution, supported by mathematically formulated security proofs. However, since the knowledge required for a…

Quantum key distribution allows two parties, traditionally known as Alice and Bob, to establish a secure random cryptographic key if, firstly, they have access to a quantum communication channel, and secondly, they can exchange classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Matthias Christandl , Renato Renner , Artur Ekert

We present security proofs for a protocol for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) based on encoding in finite high-dimensional Hilbert spaces. This protocol is an extension of Bennett's and Brassard's basic protocol from two bases, two state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Mohamed Bourennane , Anders Karlsson , Gunnar Bjork , Nicolas Gisin , Nicolas Cerf

Many papers proved the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) system, in the asymptotic framework. The degree of the security has not been discussed in the finite coding-length framework, sufficiently. However, to guarantee any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Masahito Hayashi

We present a continuous variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) scheme based on the CV quantum teleportation of coherent states that yields a raw secret key made up of discrete variables for both Alice and Bob. This protocol preserves…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-31 F. S. Luiz , Gustavo Rigolin

We present a rigorous security analysis of Continuous-Variable Measurement-Device Independent Quantum Key Distribution (CV MDI QKD) in a finite size scenario. The security proof is obtained in two steps: by first assessing the security…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-12 Cosmo Lupo , Carlo Ottaviani , Panagiotis Papanastasiou , Stefano Pirandola

Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises provably secure communications. In order to improve the secret key rate, combining a biased basis choice with the decoy-state method is proposed. Concomitantly, there is a basis-independent detection…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-11 Hua-Lei Yin , Peng Liu , Wei-Wei Dai , Zhao-Hui Ci , Jie Gu , Tian Gao , Qiang-Wei Wang , Zi-Yao Shen

The evolution of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) relies on innovative methods to enhance its security and efficiency. Unextendible Product Bases (UPBs) hold promise in quantum cryptography due to their inherent indistinguishability, yet they…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-15 Pratapaditya Bej , Vinod Jayakeerthi

Secure communication protocols are becoming increasingly important, e.g. for internet-based communication. Quantum key distribution allows two parties, commonly called Alice and Bob, to generate a secret sequence of 0s and 1s called a key…

Physics Education · Physics 2017-04-05 Antje Kohnle , Aluna Rizzoli

The quantum key distribution (QKD), guaranteed by the principle of quantum physics, is a promising solution for future secure information and communication technology. However, device imperfections compromise the security of real-life QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-14 Ye Chen , Chunfeng Huang , Zihao Chen , Wenjie He , Chengxian Zhang , Shihai Sun , Kejin Wei

The existing unconditional security definitions of quantum key distribution (QKD) do not apply to joint attacks over QKD and the subsequent use of the resulting key. In this paper, we close this potential security gap by using a universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 M. Ben-Or , Michal Horodecki , D. W. Leung , D. Mayers , J. Oppenheim

Several quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols employ iterative sifting. After each quantum transmission round, Alice and Bob disclose part of their setting information (including their basis choices) for the detected signals. The quantum…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables Alice and Bob to exchange a secret key over a public, untrusted quantum channel. Compared to classical key exchange, QKD achieves everlasting security: after the protocol execution the key is secure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Alex B. Grilo , Giulio Malavolta , Michael Walter , Tianwei Zhang