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We present a rigorous and complete security proof of the decoy-state BB84 quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol. Our analysis aims to achieve a high standard of mathematical rigour and completeness, thereby providing the necessary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Devashish Tupkary , Shlok Nahar , Amir Arqand , Ernest Y. -Z. Tan , Norbert Lütkenhaus

Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises unconditionally secure key generation between two distant parties by wisely exploiting properties of quantum mechanics. In QKD, experimental measurements on quantum states are transformed to a secret…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-05-03 Xiongfeng Ma , Chi-Hang Fred Fung , Jean-Christian Boileau , H. F. Chau

Long-distance quantum key distribution (QKD) has long time seriously relied on trusted relay or quantum repeater, which either has security threat or is far from practical implementation. Recently, a solution called twin-field (TF) QKD and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-21 Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

With the help of quantum key distribution (QKD), two distant peers are able to share information-theoretically secure key bits. Increasing key rate is ultimately significant for the applications of QKD in lossy channel. However, it has…

An experimental implementation of the Coherent One-Way Quantum Key Distribution (COW-QKD) protocol is reported under realistic conditions, and a clean and easy-to-use framework for performing finite key analysis of the COW-QKD protocol is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Neha Pathania , Sandeep Mishra , Anirban Pathak

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows for communication with security guaranteed by quantum theory. The main theoretical problem in QKD is to calculate the secret key rate for a given protocol. Analytical formulas are known for protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-24 Patrick J. Coles , Eric M. Metodiev , Norbert Lütkenhaus

The Sending-or-Not-Sending protocol of the twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) has its advantage of unconditional security proof under any coherent attack and fault tolerance to large misalignment error. So far this is the only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-02 Cong Jiang , Zong-Wen Yu , Xiao-Long Hu , Xiang-Bin Wang

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows Alice and Bob to agree on a shared secret key, while communicating over a public (untrusted) quantum channel. Compared to classical key exchange, it has two main advantages: (i) The key is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-03 Giulio Malavolta , Michael Walter

We analyze the performance of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols that rely on discrete phase randomization (DPR). For many QKD protocols that rely on weak coherent pulses (WCPs), continuous phase randomization is assumed, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Zhaohui Liu , Ahmed Lawey , Mohsen Razavi

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a family of protocols for growing a private encryption key between two parties. Despite much progress, all ground-based QKD approaches have a distance limit due to atmospheric losses or in-fibre…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-28 Robert Bedington , Juan Miguel Arrazola , Alexander Ling

Semi-quantum key distribution protocols are designed to allow two parties to establish a shared secret key, secure against an all-powerful adversary, even when one of the users is restricted to measuring and preparing quantum states in one…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-15 Omar Amer , Walter O. Krawec

Quantum key distribution (QKD) can provide information theoretically secure key exchange even in the era of quantum computer. However, QKD requires the classical channel to be authenticated, and the current method is pre-sharing symmetric…

Strong attacks against quantum key distribution use quantum memories and quantum gates to attack directly the final key. In this paper we extend a novel security result recently obtained, to demonstrate proofs of security against a wide…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-03 E. Biahm , T. Mor

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is currently being discussed as a technology to safeguard communication in a future where quantum computers compromise traditional public-key cryptosystems. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive security…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises unconditional security in data communication and is currently being deployed in commercial applications. Nonetheless, before QKD can be widely adopted, it faces a number of important challenges such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-24 Eleni Diamanti , Hoi-Kwong Lo , Bing Qi , Zhiliang Yuan

We study the security of a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol under the one-sided device-independent (1sDI) setting, which assumes trust in only one party's measurement device. This approach effectively provides a balance between the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Pritam Roy , Subhankar Bera , A. S. Majumdar

All the currently available unconditional security proofs on quantum key distribution, in particular for the BB84 protocol and its variants including continuous-variable ones, are invalid or incomplete at many points. In this paper we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-23 Horace P. Yuen

Digital signatures are widely used for providing security of communications. At the same time, the security of currently deployed digital signature protocols is based on unproven computational assumptions. An efficient way to ensure an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-19 E. O. Kiktenko , A. S. Zelenetsky , A. K. Fedorov

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic method enabling two parties to establish a private encryption key. The range of communication of ground-based QKD is limited to an order of 100km, due to in-fibre attenuations and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-04 Olivia Lee , Tom Vergoossen

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is one of the most important aspects of quantum cryptography. Using laws of quantum mechanics as the basis for security, the key distribution process is made information theoretically secure in QKD. With the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-19 Rishab Chatterjee , Kaushik Joarder , Sourav Chatterjee , Barry C Sanders , Urbasi Sinha